黄淮海地区不同种植结构下点蜂缘蝽的发生规律

为明确大豆-玉米带状间作种植模式对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris发生规律的影响,2023年在山东省大豆单作田中进行诱捕效果试验,筛选诱捕效果最好的诱捕器对黄淮海地区山东、河南和安徽3个省6个市不同种植模式下点蜂缘蝽的发生动态进行监测。结果显示,风叶型诱捕器对点蜂缘蝽的诱捕效果最佳。在大豆单作田内点蜂缘蝽的发生高峰期为7月中旬—8月中旬,此时大豆正值盛花-始荚期。在大豆-玉米带状间作田内点蜂缘蝽的发生动态与大豆单作田的无明显差异,但点蜂缘蝽发生数量及高峰期发生时间可能与杀虫剂的施用时间和次数密切相关。     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病的影响

为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性,采用抑菌圈法和盆栽试验研究了大蒜根系分泌物及其主要成分对烟草青枯病的影响。结果表明：大蒜根系分泌物浓度为1g/mL时,对烟草青枯病菌抑制效果最好,其抑菌率为53.67%。大蒜根系分泌物4种成分的抑菌效果由强到弱依次为：2,6-二异丙基苯酚>二烯丙基二硫>2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。其中,2,6-二异丙基酚对烟草青枯病菌的抑制作用最强,在1和5mmol/L时的抑菌率分别为99.66%和100.00%;在盆栽试验中也具有较好的防治效果,接种后7 d和14 d后,其防效分别为34.75%和31.35%。因此,大蒜根系分泌物及其成分均对烟草青枯病有明显的抑制作用。本研究揭示了大蒜作为轮作或间作作物对烟草青枯病的防控机理,以及大蒜根系分泌物和2,6-二异丙基酚作为烟草青枯病防治剂的潜力。     

玉铃花开花动态与繁育系统特征

【目的】研究玉铃花Styrax obassia的开花动态,揭示其繁育系统的基本特征,认识其生物学特性,为玉铃花杂交育种、生境保护提供理论依据,也为城市园林绿化应用推广提供技术支持。【方法】田间观测玉铃花开花动态特征、花部结构、昆虫访花特性,采用TTC染色法和联苯胺-过氧化氢法,分别测定花粉活力和柱头可授性,运用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉胚珠比(P/O)等方法确定其繁育系统类型。【结果】(1)玉铃花的花期为4月中旬至5月初,始花期为4月15—18日,盛花期为4月19—26日,末花期为4月27日—5月2日,单花花期约3～5 d。(2)总状花序下垂,开花顺序由花梗基部向先端分2～3区段开放, 30个总状花序的小花数量平均为(25.3±1.8)个。(3)开花1 d后的花粉活力最强,雌雄蕊成熟时间部分重合,P/O为(646.30±64.35),OCI为4。(4)访花昆虫主要有中华蜜蜂Apis cerana、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus等。【结论】玉铃花开花始于4月中旬,结束于5月初,盛花期持续1周时间,其繁育系统属于兼性异交、需要传粉者的类型,部分为自交亲和。图3表1参25     

早熟金针菇新品种G1的杂交选育

以金针菇菌株F3-31和FM-83为亲本,经过杂交选育出优良白色金针菇菌株G1.以菌丝生长速度、生长势、产量、子实体农艺性状及栽培周期等为指标,对金针菇菌株G1与其亲本进行比较.试验结果表明,G1菌丝生长速度快且生长势旺盛;平均单瓶产量达216 g,比亲本分别增产54 g、20 g,生物转化率也比亲本菌株高,达到72%;栽培周期43 d,比亲本分别缩短1 d、6 d;子实体各项农艺性状优良,是适于金针菇工厂化栽培的早熟白色优良菌株.     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.     

盐类对南方根结线虫迁移能力和侵入能力的影响

为探讨无机盐和有机盐对南方根结线虫的作用方式,在室内利用沙柱法和染色法测定了二者对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫迁移能力及侵入番茄根部能力的影响。结果表明,随着各盐处理浓度的增加,南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的迁移能力和侵入能力显著降低。在4μg/m L KSCN、C6H8O7、KCl、KH2PO4、KHCO3和Mn SO4·H2O沙柱中,15 d后2龄幼虫的平均迁移距离最小,分别为0、0.33、0.52、0.53、0.55和0.58 cm,而对照为0.94 cm。2龄幼虫在Ba NO3、K2HPO4、KHCO3、Cs Cl和KSCN各浓度沙柱中的平均迁移距离均小于0.94 cm。2μg/m L NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN处理15 d后,2龄幼虫对番茄根部的侵入率最低,分别为1%、2.33%、1.33%、2%、2%、1%和1.67%。表明对2龄幼虫侵入番茄根部抑制效果最明显的盐为NH4NO3、KH2PO4、(NH4)2CO3、Cs Cl、(NH4)2SO4、Na SCN和NH4SCN。     

咪鲜胺·抑霉唑混配制剂的反相离子对液相色谱分析

本文采用反相离子对色谱梯度洗脱外标法对咪鲜胺．抑霉唑乳油的2种有效成分进行一次性定量检测,采用C18色谱柱,以0．012mol／L庚烷磺酸钠(pH=2．5) 甲醇=30 70;20 80为流动相,流速1．5mL／min,二极管阵列检测器,检测波长：220nm。该方法中咪鲜胺和抑霉唑的标准偏差分别为0．065和0．024,变异系数分别为0．53％和1．13％．线性相关系数分别为0．9994和0．9995,平均回收率分别为99．4％、100．1％。     

Human and climatic drivers of land and water use from 1997 to 2019 in Tarim River basin,China

Climate and human activities change spatial and temporal distribution of water and land use. The Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, faced a long-term exploitation of land and water over a rapid economic development. We analyzed land and water use from 1997 to 2019 in Tarim River Basin by Landsat images, and data on hydrology, climate, population, economy and PM_2.5 (air particulate matter ≤2.5 μm). Agricultural land expanded the fastest (4–11%), followed by natural vegetation (15–16%) and water area (4–5%) with population and economic increase. Air quality (PM_2.5 μg m⁻³) improved in upper (62–27) and middle (48–17) reaches. The water area in lower increase 5% because of ecological water delivery since 2000. Land use in the lower reach was dominated by agriculture, where the downstream runoff consumption increased by 6.8 times. The average annual air temperature and precipitation gradually increased by 0.5 °C and 51 mm in source and 0.9 °C and 30 mm in main reaches. The average annual water consumption in upper and middle reaches was 4 × 10⁹ m³, accounting for 87% of input runoff in the main reach. Water consumption in middle reach increased by 33 times in 2009–2017. The industry structure was changing from primary to secondary and tertiary industry. To sum up, implementation of water saving strategies and ecological water delivery restored local ecology. Sustainable strategies should be applied facing industrialization. Furthermore, changing the industry structure and restoring the degraded farmlands to grasslands or forests would keep sustainability of Tarim River Basin.     

南京市蛾类区系种类组成的变化及分析

通过1980~1982年和2004~2006年2次普查结果,编制出了"南京市区蛾类名录"。在对这2次采获的蛾类种类及若干主要种进行比较发现,南京市区在20 a间,其区系种类组成及若干重要经济虫种的发生、发展情况,都发生了显著变化。该文还就发生显著变化的原因进行了深入地分析。     

欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统及启示

快速有效的食品预警系统在应对食品消费安全挑战中具有重要作用。欧盟的食品和饲料快速预警系统涉及范围广泛,反应迅速,实现了信息的综合利用,有效地保证了食品和饲料的消费健康。我国的食品安全预警系统是近些年才出现的。目前,我国还缺少一套快速有效、覆盖面广的预警机制。在建立我们自己预警机制时,应借鉴欧盟食品和饲料快速预警系统的有益之处,加强对整个食物链综合管理,强调系统性与协调性,将风险的概念引入管理领域,同时依法建立科学分析与信息交流咨询体系,提高信息搜集的客观性、准确性,保证决策程序的透明性、有效性。