重力式地下滴灌点源入渗特征的数值模拟与验证

基于非饱和土壤水动力学理论，建立了重力式地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动轴对称三维数值模拟模型，利用Galerkin有限元法进行了数值模拟。通过试验对比验证，表明所建模型可以用于分析地下滴灌土壤水分人渗规律，具有较高的精度。对不同灌水技术要素条件下的地下滴灌湿润特征及入渗规律进行了数值模拟。结果表明，在相同灌水量下，供水压力与滴孔孔径对湿润圈影响微弱，重力式地下滴灌管道设计时可以不考虑其影响，但它对滴孔出流量影响较大，而其它因素对滴孔出流量的影响微弱。因此在地下滴灌管道设计时，只需根据田块长度和渗水管损失设计孔径和供水压力，并可选择较小的供水压力；在相同灌水量情况下，管道埋深对湿润圈具有较明显的影响，应按田间实际进行合理选择，这些结论可为地下滴灌合理的设计及运行提供理论依据。     

Off-vine grape drying effect on volatile compounds and aromatic series in must from Pedro Ximénez grape variety

Changes in 36 volatile compounds of must from ripe grapes dried by direct exposure to sun and must from ripe grapes were studied. Compounds not dependent on sampling site in both musts were selected, and their concentration/Brix degree ratio values, were subjected to variance analysis. Only butan-1-ol and isoamyl alcohols showed no differences, while (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-enal, hexanoic acid, isobutanol, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-hexalactone, and 5-methylfurfural, showed significant differences between the two must types, which may be ascribed to the drying process. An approach to describe must odor has been carried out by grouping volatile compounds in aromatic series, increasing their values in the fruity, solvent, sweet, and roasted series and diminishing the herbaceous as a consequence of the drying process.     

Cytoprotection by neutral fraction of tannat red wine against oxidative stress-induced cell death

Some of the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet on human pathologies have been attributed to red wine polyphenols. It has been postulated that the antioxidant activity of the latter would be also responsible for the cytoprotective capacity of red wine that has been reported in a few papers. Nevertheless, red wine shows a complex composition, and the active fraction is not known yet. In this context, the protective capacity of total lyophilized extracts of red wine and anthocyanin, neutral, or acidic fractions, was explored in PC12 cells in culture after a hydrogen peroxide insult. Although all fractions showed high antioxidant activity, only the neutral fraction was cytoprotective. The analysis of this active fraction showed that it was rich in the aglycons quercetin and myricetin as well as the glycosides of kaempferol, isorhamnetin, epicatechin, and catechin, some of which are known to be cytoprotective. This is the first paper to reveal the active fraction of total wine responsible of its cytoprotection.     

Tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids occur in fruits and fruit juices. Activity as antioxidants and radical scavengers

Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines are biologically active alkaloids that occur and accumulate in mammalian tissues, fluids, and brain, but their ultimate origin or biological role is still uncertain. Four tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, and 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline, are found as naturally occurring substances in some fruit and fruit juices. These compounds occur in the microg/g level in those products, and a characteristic and distinct profile appears to exist depending on the type of fruit and juice involved. Thus, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline may appear in tomato, tomato juice, and kiwi; 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in bananas, pineapple, tomato, and their corresponding juices; and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in oranges and grapefruits, although it also occurred in most juices. Fruit-occurring tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids acted as antioxidants and free radical scavengers in the ABTS assay when compared with ascorbic acid and Trolox. This suggests that tetrahydro-beta-carboline alkaloids might act as antioxidants when absorbed and accumulated in the body, contributing to the antioxidant effect of fruit products containing these compounds.     

籽粒硫苷特性对甘蓝型油菜吸收积累Cd的影响

油菜对Cd的吸收转运不仅受外源S供应的影响,且与自身S代谢关系非常密切。硫苷是影响油菜品质的重要含S次级代谢产物,而油菜籽粒硫苷含量能较好地表征油菜的硫苷特性。为了解油菜硫苷特性与油菜吸收积累Cd之间的关联,通过Cd污染土壤的大田试验,研究了不同硫苷特性甘蓝型油菜的Cd吸收积累特性。结果表明,初花期高、低硫苷油菜不同器官间Cd含量皆为根叶茎,成熟期皆为茎根壳籽粒。初花期高硫苷与低硫苷油菜对Cd的吸收积累无显著差异;而成熟期高硫苷油菜对Cd的吸收积累显著低于低硫苷油菜,高硫苷油菜成熟期根、茎、壳、籽粒Cd含量分别为3.90 mg?kg?1、4.50 mg?kg?1、0.97 mg?kg?1、0.17 mg?kg?1,低硫苷油菜则分别为4.57 mg?kg?1、5.20 mg?kg?1、1.32 mg?kg?1、0.29 mg?kg?1,比高硫苷油菜分别高17.18%(P0.05)、15.56%(P0.05)、36.08%(P0.05)、70.59%(P0.05)。成熟期高硫苷油菜壳/茎、籽粒/壳Cd转运系数分别为0.22和0.17,而低硫苷油菜分别为0.25和0.23,比高硫苷油菜分别高13.64%(P0.05)和35.29%(P0.05)。高硫苷油菜显著抑制了Cd从茎向其上位器官(壳、籽粒)的转运。研究结果还表明,低硫苷油菜与高硫苷油菜对污染土壤Cd的单季净化率分别仅为0.90%和0.76%,作为修复Cd污染土壤的富集植物,其净化效率皆有待提高。     

Direct spectrophotometric determination of bitterness in virgin olive oil without prior isolation by pH gradient

Bitter taste, an organoleptic characteristic of virgin olive oil, has been related to phenolic compound composition. The usual method to assess this attribute is by a sensorial panel of tasters, while in the laboratory; methods based on physicochemical properties have been assayed as K225, the most widely used one. However, a direct determination of bitterness in virgin olive oil is useful for quality-control purposes. The proposed method is supported by the observable spectral change undergone by the compounds responsible for bitterness as pH varied. This measurement was carried out directly in the oil, without prior isolation of bitter analytes. The difference of absorbance between alkaline and neutral medium showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.988, p < 0.0001) with the conventional parameter (K225). The method was rapid, required a small sample, allowed direct determination of bitterness in virgin olive oil, and could be easily automated.     

香果树种群分布与繁殖技术调查

2010年作者对长青自然保护区香果树种群分布与繁殖技术做了调查.结果显示:香果树多数成零星分布,现地繁殖成活率高.     

锯齿磨损变钝程度对木质材料切削力影响的研究

采用锯齿磨损变钝程度不同的硬质合金切削刀具对三种木材(杉木、樟子松、水曲柳)和两种人造板(中密度纤维板、刨花板)进行闭式切削实验,研究锯齿磨损变钝程度对木质材料切削力的影响规律。实验结果表明,随着刀具磨损变钝程度的增加,主切削力和法向力都呈增大趋势,且法向力的增幅更明显。负间隙C对中纤板主切削力、法向力以及刨花板法向力的影响曲线类似,均为先缓慢上升,再急剧增加,然后又趋于平缓;刨花板主切削力随负间隙C的增加而不断增加。     

集约经营雷竹林土壤呼吸年动态变化规律及其影响因子

在浙江临安市雷竹主产区定位监测1年内土壤各组分呼吸动态。结果表明:雷竹林地土壤总呼吸速率、土壤生物异养呼吸速率及根系自养呼吸速率的年平均值分别为5.42,2.24和2.89μmolCO2·m-2s-1;1年中分别在2和7月出现土壤呼吸峰值;雷竹林地土壤年释放CO2量为73.40t·hm-2a-1,其中林地异养呼吸和自养呼吸分别占总呼吸的45.67%和54.33%;土壤呼吸、土壤生物异养呼吸和土壤根系自养呼吸均与土壤温度呈明显的指数关系,以土壤5cm深处温度为依据得到的温度系数(Q10值)分别为1.70,1.86和1.48,土壤总呼吸与土深5cm处土温、8:00气温、土壤水溶性有机碳含量和土壤总有机碳含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而土壤含水量、8:00大气相对湿度和土壤水溶性有机碳含量与土壤呼吸无显著相关性。     

浙江舟山岛松材线虫入侵后松林群落的自然演替和特征

对舟山岛21个松材线虫病入侵前的马尾松林、黑松林进行典型样地调查,根据更新层树种的重要值采用模糊聚类结果划分为7种演替类群,与17年后对不同演替类群具代表性样地的复查结果比较分析,并综合群落的组成结构、动态特征、树种生态生物学特性、更新树种植株结构以及立地条件、海拔等因子,确定舟山岛松林近阶段的演替结果分别为白栎、枫香占优势的落叶阔叶林,枫香、白栎、苦槠或石栎、四川山矾、栓皮栎占优势的常绿落叶阔叶混交林,马尾松、黄檀、山合欢占优势的针阔混交林,枫香或朴树占优势的落叶阔叶林(疏林),白栎占优势的萌生灌丛和柃木占优势的常绿灌丛。研究结果说明松材线虫病发生迹地的植物群落自然演替具有一定的方向性和确定性。可针对松材线虫病为害后林分不同的演替趋势、立地条件和培育目的,应用本文的预测和林相修复技术及早采取封育、人工造林等措施恢复植被;同时,依据本文总结的演替规律,通过前期的调查和分类,可以较快推测和诊断出演替的过程和结果,从而及早在松材线虫病大面积发生后,根据不同的演替方向进行人工干预和规划。