Radiographic and ultrasonographic features of uroliths and other urinary tract filling defects

Radiopaque uroliths and nonradiopaque (water density) uroliths are filling defects encountered in the urinary tracts of dogs and cats. Other free luminal and attached soft tissue density filling defects encountered during uroradiographic special procedures include blood clots, air bubbles, hematomas, granulomas, abscesses, inflammatory and neoplastic polyps. Nonradiopaque uroliths cannot be identified on survey radiographs from other soft tissue dense structures. Gray scale ultrasonography can be used to differentiate nonradiopaque (water dense) uroliths from other soft tissue attached or free luminal filling defects of the excretory pathway. The differential radiographic features of filling defects encountered during cystography and urethrography are described and illustrated.     

节瓜常温贮藏品质的变化

节瓜高产抗病,肉质清甜,嫩瓜和老熟瓜均可食用,老熟瓜耐贮性好,室温下即可贮藏2~3个月,与目前国内蔬菜贮藏保鲜常用的低温贮藏法相比,成本低、操作方便、保鲜期长。本试验研究了节瓜在常温贮藏过程中水分、可溶性糖、VC含量及风味品质的变化,以期找出节瓜常温贮藏的最佳贮藏期限。1材料与方法以广西主栽节瓜品种桂优1号(广西农业科学院蔬菜研究中心提供,粉皮类型)为试材,2003年2月20日定植,7月4日采收,取花后50d(天)无虫害、无机械损伤的老熟瓜40个,自然温度下置于通风室内架贮。在贮架上铺1层纸板,把瓜平放在架上,堆放2层,贮藏期间不进行…     

Immunocompetence of sheep experimentally infected with bovine leukemia virus

The humoral and cellular immunological reactivity of sheep were studied throughout the first 32 weeks following experimental infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Seroconversion of BLV-inoculated sheep occurred within 4 weeks, but infection was not transmitted to contact control sheep. Despite the persistence of the viral infection, no differences were demonstrated in leukograms, serum IgG concentrations, humoral response to immunization with an irrelevant antigen (rabbit red blood cells), phytomitogen (Concanavalin A and Pokeweek mitogen)-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, or chemical (1-chloro, 2-4 dinitrobenzene) skin contact hypersensitivity, between BLV-infected and uninfected contact control sheep. These results demonstrate the absence of a nonspecific immunosuppressive effect of BLV and further negate the influence of a generalized immunological deficit on the development of clinical disease in BLV-infected animals.     

Molecular structure of troponin C from chicken skeletal muscle at 3-angstrom resolution

The x-ray structure of chicken skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC), the Ca2+-binding subunit of the troponin complex, shows that the protein is about 70 angstroms long with an unusual dumbbell shape. The carboxyl and amino domains are separated by a single long alpha helix of about nine turns. Only the two high-affinity Ca2+-Mg2+ sites of the COOH-domain are occupied by metal ions resulting in conformational differences between the COOH- and NH2-domains. These differences are probably important in the triggering of muscle contraction by TnC. Also the structure of TnC is relevant in understanding the function of other calcium-regulated proteins, in particular that of calmodulin because of its strong similarity in amino acid sequence.     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF EQUINE NIGROPALLIDAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA

Magnetic resonance imaging (MR) was used to make a diagnosis of equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia in a horse. Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia is a neurodegenerative disease that has many characteristics with Parkinson-like diseases in humans. Historically, horses were euthanized based on clinical signs and exposure to the toxic weed, yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Previously, the disease has only been confirmed on necropsy. MR imaging can provide accurate and sensitive visualization of typical lesions seen in the brain of horses affected with equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia. Lesions were seen on T1-weighted, T2-weighted and proton density images. There was no contrast enhancement following Gd-DTPA administration. Lesions seen on MR were confirmed at necropsy. Using MR to confirm a diagnosis of equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia will prevent unnecessary suffering of horses and expense to owners that would otherwise incur, while further diagnostics are performed.     

Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

The deaths of two Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in August 1996 led the United States Department of Agriculture to require the testing and treatment of elephants for tuberculosis. From August 1996 to September 1999. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was confirmed by culture in 12 of 118 elephants in six herds. Eight diagnoses were made antemortem on the basis of isolation of M. tuberculosis by culture of trunk wash samples; the remainder (including the initial two) were diagnosed postmortem. We present the case histories, epidemiologic characteristics, diagnostic test results, and therapeutic plans from these six herds. The intradermal tuberculin test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology, the blood tuberculosis test, and nucleic acid amplification and culture are compared as methods to diagnose M. tuberculosis infection in elephants.     

Seed survival and predation of Anoda cristata in soyabean crops

Anoda cristata is a troublesome annual broad-leaved weed in summer crops in the rolling Pampa in Argentina; seeds are the only source of regeneration of this species. Seed persistence or depletion is the result of survival and loss processes, including predation. The objective of this study was to determine survival at two burial depths in undisturbed soil and predation rates of A. cristata seeds in soyabean crops in different rotations and tillage systems. Survival was discontinuous and decreased to 25% after 35 months, after which no further reduction in survival was observed to the end of the experiment at 96 months. No differences in seed survival between seeds placed on the soil surface and buried 5 cm below the soil surface were found at 80 months, but at later times survival was lower for seeds placed on the soil surface. Predation rates ranged between 0.3% day⁻¹ and 6.7% day⁻¹. Of the models tested, a polynomial regression of the rate of predation with time gave the best representation of seed predation. From January to July, predation was higher in non-tillage plots in the wheat/soyabean rotation. There was no significant difference in predation rates between tillage systems in the soyabean monoculture and no difference between planting densities. Higher crop residue levels in non-tillage plots in the wheat/soyabean rotation was the dominant factor influencing seed predation, probably because such habitat favours the presence of seed predators.     

The efficacy of mesenteric lymph node biopsy in the eradication of paratuberculosis from an infected dairy farm

Lymph node biopsy was performed on animals older than nine months on a dairy farm which carried 223 animals and was severely affected by paratuberculosis. Biopsies were examined histologically and bacteriologically for the presence of M. paratuberculosis infection. In this way paratuberculosis infection was diagnosed in 29 animals, in which other diagnostic methods (serum complement fixation test, intradermal johnin test and microscopic examination of the faeces) produced negative results. The value of lymph node biopsy is the early detection of infected animals. In the two years after the biopsies, no further cases of clinical paratuberculosis were detected on the affected farm, although infection with M. paratuberculosis persisted.     

Blastocyst Evaluation by Means of Differential Staining: a Practical Approach

Techniques for in vitro production of embryos have been developed world-wide in different species, with promising results in human and ruminants. Thousands of human IVF-babies have been born during the last 20 years and thousands of in vitro -produced calves have been born since the late 1980s. With current methods for bovine in vitro fertilization, about 30–40% of in vitro -fertilized bovine oocytes develop further to the blastocyst stage and can be used for transfer. A proper evaluation of blastocyst quality remains however, an important challenge for every researcher involved in embryology and for every clinician who wants to select the best embryos for transfer. This review attempts to summarize the different methods available for estimation of blastocyst quality with a special emphasis upon differential staining.