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71.
Mueller CA Broz P Müller SA Ringler P Erne-Brand F Sorg I Kuhn M Engel A Cornelis GR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5748):674-676
Many pathogenic bacteria use injectisomes to deliver effector proteins into host cells through type III secretion. Injectisomes consist of a basal body embedded in the bacterial membranes and a needle. In Yersinia, translocation of effectors requires the YopB and YopD proteins, which form a pore in the target cell membrane, and the LcrV protein, which assists the assembly of the pore. Here we report that LcrV forms a distinct structure at the tip of the needle, the tip complex. This unique localization of LcrV may explain its crucial role in the translocation process and its efficacy as the main protective antigen against plague. 相似文献
72.
73.
Poulin P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5744):2174-2175
74.
A major evolutionary divide occurs in the animal kingdom between the so-called radially symmetric animals, which includes the cnidarians, and the bilaterally symmetric animals, which includes all worm phyla. Buddenbrockia plumatellae is an active, muscular, parasitic worm that belongs to the phylum Myxozoa, a group of morphologically simplified microscopic endoparasites that has proved difficult to place phylogenetically. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple protein-coding genes demonstrate that Buddenbrockia is a cnidarian. This active muscular worm increases the known diversity in cnidarian body plans and demonstrates that a muscular, wormlike form can evolve in the absence of overt bilateral symmetry. 相似文献
75.
Collet E Lemée-Cailleau MH Buron-Le Cointe M Cailleau H Wulff M Luty T Koshihara SY Meyer M Toupet L Rabiller P Techert S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5619):612-615
We report the direct observation by x-ray diffraction of a photoinduced paraelectric-to-ferroelectric structural phase transition using monochromatic 100-picosecond synchrotron pulses. It occurs in tetrathiafulvalene-p-chloranil, a charge-transfer molecular material in which electronic and structural changes are strongly coupled. An optical 300-femtosecond laser pulse switches the material from a neutral to an ionic state on a 500-picosecond time scale and, by virtue of intrinsic cooperativity, generates self-organized long-range structural order. The x-ray data indicate a macroscopic ferroelectric reorganization after the laser irradiation. Refinement of the structures before and after laser irradiation indicates structural changes at the molecular level. 相似文献
76.
Keller HU Jorda L Küppers M Gutierrez PJ Hviid SF Knollenberg J Lara LM Sierks H Barbieri C Lamy P Rickman H Rodrigo R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5746):281-283
The OSIRIS cameras (optical, spectroscopic, and infrared remote imaging system) onboard the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft observed comet 9P/Tempel 1 for 17 days continuously around the time of NASA's Deep Impact mission. The cyanide-to-water production ratio was slightly enhanced in the impact cloud, compared with that of normal comet activity. Dust particles were flowing outward in the coma at >160 meters per second, accelerated by the gas. The slope of the brightness increase showed a dip about 200 seconds after the impact. Dust Afrho values before and long after the impact confirm the slight decrease of cometary activity. The dust-to-water mass ratio was much larger than 1. 相似文献
77.
Nordine Helassa Hervé Quiquampoix Philippe Déjardin Siobhán Staunton 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(5):1089-1097
Genetically modified crops, that produce Cry insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry) from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), release these toxins into soils through root exudates and upon decomposition of residues. The fate of these toxins in soil has not yet been clearly elucidated. Persistence can be influenced by biotic (degradation by microorganisms) and abiotic factors (physicochemical interactions with soil components, especially adsorption). The aim of this study was to follow the fate of Cry1Aa Bt toxin in contrasting soils subjected to different treatments to enhance or inhibit microbial activity, in order to establish the importance of biotic and abiotic processes for the fate of Bt toxin. The toxin was efficiently extracted from each soil using an alkaline buffer containing a protein, bovine serum albumin, and a nonionic surfactant, Tween 20. The marked decline of extractable toxin after incubation of weeks to months was soil-dependent. The decrease of extractable toxin with incubation time was not related to microbial degradation but mainly to physicochemical interactions with the surfaces that may decrease immunochemical detectability or enhance protein fixation. Hydrophobic interactions may play an important role in determining the interaction of the toxin with surfaces. 相似文献
78.
Marie Gosme Philippe Lucas 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(1):119-131
The importance of the spatial aspect of epidemics has been recognized from the outset of plant disease epidemiology. The objective
of this study was to determine if the host spatial structure influenced the spatio-temporal development of take-all disease
of wheat, depending on the inoculum spatial structure. Three sowing patterns of wheat (broadcast sowing, line sowing and sowing
in hills) and three patterns of inoculum (uniform, aggregated and natural infestation) were tested in a field experiment,
repeated over 2 years. Disease (severity, root disease incidence, plant disease incidence and, when applicable, line and hill
incidences) was assessed seven times during the course of each season and the spatial pattern was characterized with incidence-incidence
relationships. In the naturally infested plots, disease levels at all measurement scales were significantly higher in plots
sown in hills, compared to plots sown in line, which were in turn significantly more diseased than plots with broadcast sowing.
Disease aggregation within roots and plants was stronger in line and hill sowing than in broadcast sowing. Analysis of the
disease gradient in the artificially infested plots showed that the disease intensified (local increase of disease level)
more than it extensified (spatial spread of the disease), the effect of the introduced inoculum was reduced by 95% at a distance
of 15 cm away from the point of infestation. Yield was not significantly affected by sowing pattern or artificial infestation. 相似文献
79.
Changes in green coffee protein profiles during roasting 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
To reveal its flavor, coffee has to be roasted. In fact, the green coffee bean contains all ingredients necessary for the later development of coffee flavor. It is now widely accepted that free amino acids and peptides are required for the generation of coffee aroma. However, the mechanisms leading to defined mixtures of free amino acids and peptides remain unknown. Information pertaining to the identification of precursor proteins is also lacking. To answer some of these questions, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) was used to follow the fate of green coffee proteins. Two conditions were considered: roasting and incubation of green coffee suspensions at 37 degrees C. Coffee beans were observed to acquire the potential to spontaneously release H(2)O(2) upon polymerization of their proteins during roasting. Fragmentation of proteins was also observed. Conversely, H(2)O(2) was found to control polymerization and fragmentation of green coffee proteins in solution at 37 degrees C. Polymerization and fragmentation patterns under the two conditions were comparable. These observations suggest that the two conditions under study triggered, at least to some extent, similar biochemical mechanisms involving autoxidation. Throughout this study, a unique fragmentation cascade involving the 11S coffee storage protein was identified. Generated fragments shared an atypical staining behavior linked to their sensitivity to redox conditions. 相似文献
80.
Champion D Simatos D Kalogianni EP Cayot P Le Meste M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(11):3399-3404
The reduction of Tempol by ascorbic acid in concentrated sucrose solutions was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at temperatures ranging from 16 to -16 degrees C. This method allowed the determination of the rate constants (k) of this fast reaction, by recording the Tempol reduction as a function of time. The two reactants were initially separated and had to migrate for the reaction to occur. The experimental findings were compared with predicted values according to the equation for diffusion-controlled reaction proposed by Atkins. The experimental reaction rate constants were observed to be lower than the calculated ones. However, the experimental values were found to be controlled by the temperature and viscosity changes of the reaction media, as expected for a diffusion-controlled reaction. 相似文献