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961.
Bert Lagrain Ine Rombouts Herbert Wieser Jan A. Delcour Peter Koehler 《Journal of Cereal Science》2012
The high molecular weight subunits of wheat glutenin (HMW-GS) are important for bread-making quality. Their composition is routinely identified by Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE after reduction of glutenin disulfide bonds. However, the relation between their molecular weight and, hence, their primary structure, and their mobility in Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE has proven to be ambiguous. We demonstrate a Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE procedure with a neutral, instead of alkaline, pH in the gel and running buffers. In this method commonly occurring HMW-GS from wheat migrated in the order 5 > 2 ≈ 3 > 1 > 6 ≈ 2* > 7 > 8 > 9 > 12 > 10, which is different from the order obtained in the Tris-glycine system. HMW-GS were identified by N-terminal sequencing after isolation with RP-HPLC. Protein sequences of HMW-GS were further confirmed by LC-MS/MS analyses of chymotryptic peptides after comparing the MS data to amino acid sequences in protein databases. The numbers of amino acids of HMW-GS reflected well the mobility order in Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE. The results indicate that Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE may not only be used to identify HMW-GS, but also to estimate the length of their polypeptide chain, as such avoiding previously observed anomalies in migration order. 相似文献
962.
Evaluation of agricultural ecosystem services in fallowing land based on farmers’ participation and model simulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yen Lan Liu Kang-tsung Chang Jetse Stoorvogel Peter Verburg Chin Hong Sun 《Paddy and Water Environment》2012,10(4):301-310
Fallowing with green fertilizer can benefit agricultural ecosystem services (AES). Farmers in Taiwan do not implement fallow practices and plant green fertilizer because the current subsidy level (46,000 NT$ per ha) is too low to manage fallowing. This paper defines the objective of government agriculture policy or the farmer’s objective as maximization of farm productivity, approximated to the value of social welfare and AES. Farms, which do not follow proper fallowing practices, often have poorly maintained fallow land or left farmland abandoned. This results in negative environmental consequences such as cutworm infestations in abandoned land, which in turn can affect crops in adjacent farmlands. The objectives of this study are twofold. First, it determines the proper fallowing subsidy based on the concept of payment for ecosystem services to entice more farmers to participate in fallowing. Second, it simulates the benefit of planting green manure in fallow land to the supply of AES based on the rate of farmers who are willing to participate in fallow land practices and essential parameters that can affect soil fertility change. The approach involves a series of interviews and a developed empirical model. The value of AES when the rate of farmer participation is 100% represents a 1.5% increase in AES (448,317,000 NT$) over the value at the current participation rate of 14%. This study further concludes that the appropriate fallowing subsidy has a large positive impact on AES and social welfare (e.g., benefit from food and biofuel supplies) and is seen as a basis of ecological governance for sustainable agro-ecosystems. 相似文献
963.
Wootton-Beard PC Ryan L 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2012,67(2):142-147
Substantial evidence exists to support the hypothesis that high fruit and vegetable consumption, rich in antioxidants, can reduce the incidence of several disease states. The aim of this study was to compare the results obtained by six spectrophotometric biochemical methods including the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH?), 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS??), copper (II) reducing capacity (CUPRAC) and Cerium (IV) reducing antioxidant capacity (CERAC) assays as well as Folin-Ciocalteu method (FC) for the measurement of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total polyphenols (TP) in different commercially available vegetable juices. There was a significant positive correlation between the results obtained for FRAP, ABTS??, CUPRAC, CERAC and FC (0.68?≤?r?≤?0.96, P?0.01). DPPH? was only correlated with CERAC (r?=?0.66, P?0.01). Beetroot juice had the highest TAC and TP regardless of the method of analysis. 相似文献
964.
Peter Howgate 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(1):2-15
Procedures for sensory evaluation of fish often give the appearance of being empirical, that is, having been developed from practice without any contribution of underlying theory. The fundamental principles of sensory evaluation lie in psychophysics, a branch of psychology. Some textbooks of sensory evaluation have sections on psychophysics, but they are based on what might be called classical psychophysics which is summarized by the Weber/Fechner laws. Contemporary psychophysics has theories and practices which have wider applications in sensory evaluation of foods than classical psychophysics and can be applied to the advantage in the sensory analysis of fish. Three examples from the author's own experience will be presented in this discussion paper: use of the Theory of Signal Detection in evaluating taints; use of similarity ranking methods and multidimensional scaling for grouping fish by sensory properties; and application of current ideas of scaling to the measurement of freshness. 相似文献
965.
Ted H. Wu Jonathan D. Nigg Jesse J. Stine Peter J. Bechtel 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(2):183-195
There is growing interest for fishmeals and oils made from utilizing different fish by-products (heads, viscera, frames, etc.) that come directly from the commercial processing line. The major components of fish processing waste from salmon filleting operations are heads and viscera. In order to maximize the utilization of these individual by-products, the different fractions were evaluated. Analysis of essential amino acids in fishmeal showed significant differences in all essential amino acids except lysine. Differences were also noted in the levels of minerals, fatty acid methyl esters, biogenic amines, and fat soluble vitamins. The largest difference observed was in the level of retinol in the oil extracted from heads (8.9 ± 1.0 μg/g oil) and viscera (26.9 ± 3.8 μg/g oil). Head processing resulted in more lipids and cake, while the majority of viscera became stickwater. Results suggest that the fishmeal produced from different by-product parts can result in different nutritional values for feed or food ingredients. 相似文献
966.
Sébastien Plante Scott Smiley Alexandra C. M. Oliveira David A. J. Stone Ronald W. Hardy Peter J. Bechtel 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(2):195-211
ABSTRACT Our objective was to produce a unique feed ingredient from underutilized walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes. Protein content in meals from both species (72% and 80%, respectively) were above the values found in high quality herring meals (~70%), but both were poor in some essential amino acids, e.g., methionine. Additionally, both were good sources of the amino acid taurine (1.7 and 2.2% of meal, respectively). Pollock meal was very rich in phospholipids (82% of total lipids) and in DHA (28 mg/g meal) and EPA (18 mg/g meal), indicating potential as an ingredient in larval starter diets. The purine contents in both pollock and salmon testes meals were more than 10 times the concentrations found in other fish byproducts or commercial fishmeals. The high concentrations of purines found in these testes, especially in the salmon meal, make it an ideal candidate for an immune system stimulant when added to dietary formulations. 相似文献
967.
Socio-Economic and Scientific Impact Created by Whitefly-Transmitted,Plant-Virus Disease Resistant Tomato Varieties in Southern India 下载免费PDF全文
John Colvin N Nagaraju Carlos Moreno-Leguizamon R M Govindappa T B Manjunatha Reddy SA Padmaja Neena Joshi Peter M Hanson Susan E Seal V Muniyappa 《农业科学学报》2012,11(2):337-345
Research carried out to assess the impact of open-pollinated Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)-resistant tomatoes and hybrids on the livelihoods of resource-poor farmers in Southern India is described and discussed. Three high-yielding ToLCV-resistant tomato varieties were developed initially using conventional breeding and screening techniques involving inoculation by ToLCV-viruliferous whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In 2003 and 2004, respectively, these varieties were released officially by the Karnataka State Seed Committee and the Indian Ministry of Agriculture through notification in the Gazette of India. From 2003 to 2005, eleven seed companies bought breeder seed of the ToLCV-resistant varieties and used them to begin breeding F1 hybrids from them. Socio-economic studies carried out to assess the benefits obtained from growing the ToLCV-resistant varieties found that farmers could gain up to 10 times the profit by growing the ToLCV-resistant varieties compared to the pre-existing ToLCV-susceptible varieties. Adoption of ToLCV-resistant tomatoes was also associated with reduced pesticide use. Extra income from tomato sales was prioritised by farmers to pay for children's education, better nutrition and medicines. In a joint effort with the commercial seed sector in India, a promotional field day was organised in 2007. As well as the three ToLCV-resistant varieties, 62 ToLCV-resistant hybrid tomatoes were exhibited during a farmer-field day by 17 commercial seed companies and several public institutes. Tomatoes with ToLCV-resistance are now grown widely in South India and seeds of the three open-pollinated varieties have been distributed to more than 12 countries. In 2007, a conservative estimate of the financial-benefit to cost of the research ratio was already more than 837:1. 相似文献
968.
BACKGROUND: Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent a major biosecurity threat to the horticulture sector of New Zealand, which is entirely free of these invasive pests. A nationwide surveillance programme is conducted to ensure any incursion is detected as early as possible. A review of the lure dispensers used is reported here. RESULTS: Lure dispenser emission trials found that the currently used lure plugs release lure more slowly under New Zealand subtropical to temperate climates than wafer dispensers. Subsequent trapping experiments at high altitude in Hawaii (as a mimic of New Zealand meteorological and expected fruit fly ecological conditions) compared Lynfield traps baited with the existing lure plug dispensers and newer wafer dispensers. Catches of wild Oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), were 9.5-fold higher with methyl eugenol wafers than with the plugs. Recaptures of sterile melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), were 2.6-fold higher with cuelure wafers than with the plugs. Recaptures of sterile Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata Weid., were not significantly higher with trimedlure wafers than with the plugs.CONCLUSIONS: Release rate and trapping experiments found new lure dispensers differed in release rate characteristics from existing dispensers under temperate and subtropical conditions, and indicated some potential for improvement in surveillance efficacy. 相似文献
969.
BACKGROUND: Field studies of diuron and its metabolites 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU), 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) were conducted in a farm soil and in stream sediments in coastal Queensland, Australia. RESULTS: During a 38 week period after a 1.6 kg ha(-1) diuron application, 70-100% of detected compounds were within 0-15 cm of the farm soil, and 3-10% reached the 30-45 cm depth. First-order t(1/2) degradation averaged 49+/-0.9 days for the 0-15, 0-30 and 0-45 cm soil depths. Farm runoff was collected in the first 13-50 min of episodes lasting 55-90 min. Average concentrations of diuron, DCPU and DCPMU in runoff were 93, 30 and 83-825 microg L(-1) respectively. Their total loading in all runoff was >0.6% of applied diuron. Diuron and DCPMU concentrations in stream sediments were between 3-22 and 4-31 microg kg(-1) soil respectively. The DCPMU/diuron sediment ratio was >1. CONCLUSION: Retention of diuron and its metabolites in farm topsoil indicated their negligible potential for groundwater contamination. Minimal amounts of diuron and DCMPU escaped in farm runoff. This may entail a significant loading into the wider environment at annual amounts of application. The concentrations and ratio of diuron and DCPMU in stream sediments indicated that they had prolonged residence times and potential for accumulation in sediments. The higher ecotoxicity of DCPMU compared with diuron and the combined presence of both compounds in stream sediments suggest that together they would have a greater impact on sensitive aquatic species than as currently apportioned by assessments that are based upon diuron alone. 相似文献
970.
Susan M. Tosh Yolanda Brummer Thomas M. S. Wolever Peter J. Wood 《Cereal Chemistry》2008,85(2):211-217
Oat bran muffins, containing 4 or 8 g of β‐glucan per two‐muffin serving, were prepared with or without β‐glucanase treatment to produce a range of β‐glucan molecular weights from 130,000 to just over 2 million. Following an overnight fast, the glycemic responses elicited by the untreated and treated muffins was measured in 10 healthy subjects and compared with a control whole wheat muffin. Taken all together, the 4‐g β‐glucan/serving muffins reduced blood glucose peak rise (PBGR) by 15 ± 6% compared with the control. The 8‐g β‐glucan/serving muffins had a significantly greater effect (44 ± 5% reduction compared with the control, P < 0.05). The efficacy of the muffins decreased as the molecular weight was reduced from a 45 ± 6% reduction in PBGR (P < 0.05) for the untreated muffins (averaged of both serving sizes) to 15 ± 6% (P < 0.05) for muffins with the lowest molecular weight. As the molecular weight was reduced from 2,200,000 to 400,000, the solubility of the β‐glucan increased from a mean of 44 to 57%, but as the molecular weight was further decreased to 120,000, solubility fell to 26%. There was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.729, P < 0.001) between the peak blood glucose and the product of the extractable β‐glucan content and the molecular weight of the β‐glucan extracted. 相似文献