Assessment of intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China

OBJECTIVES: To assess the intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Diets of 68 962 subjects aged 2-101 years (urban 21 103, rural 47,859) in the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall for three consecutive days. Zinc intake inadequacy was calculated based on values suggested by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The median zinc intake ranged from 4.9 mg day- 1 (urban girls, 2-3 years) to 11.9 mg day-1 (rural males, 19+ years). The zinc density of urban residents (2-3 to 19+ years) was 5.0-5.3 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1, significantly higher than that of their rural counterparts (4.7-4.8 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1). Differences in food sources of zinc from cereal grains (27.4-45.1 vs. 51.6-63.2%) and animal foods (28.4-54.8 vs. 16.8-30.6%) were found between urban and rural residents. Zinc from vegetables and fruits (8.2-13.8 vs. 9.7-12.4%) and legumes (1.3-3.3 vs. 2.5-3.4%) was comparable between urban and rural residents. The proportion of zinc intake inadequacy ranged between 2.8% (urban females, 19+ years) and 29.4% (rural lactating women). Rural residents had higher proportions of zinc intake inadequacy than their urban counterparts. Significantly higher proportions of zinc inadequacy were found in the category of phytate/zinc molar ratio >15 for both rural and urban residents. CONCLUSIONS: About 20% of rural children are at risk of inadequate zinc intake, with phytate as a potential important inhibitor. Moreover, lactating women are also considered a vulnerable group.     

Quantification of allele E198A in beta-tubulin conferring benzimidazole resistance in Monilinia fructicola using real-time PCR

BACKGROUND: Thiophanate-methyl, a member of the benzimidazole class of fungicides, is used in California to control brown rot of stone fruit caused by Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey. The goal of this study was to develop a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay as an efficient method to quantify the E198A allele of beta-tubulin that confers benzimidazole resistance. RESULTS: Using the real-time PCR assay, the frequency of allele E198A (FEA) in a population was determined from the quantities of DNA amplified with the E198A allele-specific primer pair HRF/HRR and the M. fructicola-specific primer pair MfF6/MfR6. The average proportions of highly resistant isolates determined with the conventional fungicide sensitivity method were within the range of average FEA values determined with the real-time PCR assay. We also determined the FEAs of M. fructicola populations sampled from 21 stone fruit orchards in California. Only one orchard showed a high FEA over 0.20, seven orchards had values between 0.01 and 0.1, and 13 orchards had values less than 0.01. CONCLUSION: The real-time PCR assay developed in this study provides a potentially useful tool to efficiently quantify benzimidazole resistance for large M. fructicola populations.     

水氮耦合对沙培黄瓜光合生理特性的影响

本试验以“优胜美”水果黄瓜为试材,设置灌水水平和施氮量两因素,采用二次饱和D-最优设计,共设7个处理,测定分析不同处理沙培黄瓜叶片的净光合速率、叶绿素含量、光响应特征参数、RuBP羧化酶活性等指标,以明确水氮耦合对日光温室沙培黄瓜光合生理特性的影响。结果表明：低施氮量处理黄瓜叶片各项光合生理指标和干物质积累量均较低,胞间CO₂浓度增大;增加灌水水平和施氮量均可提高叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率,且高水高氮下能获得最高的蒸腾速率,适宜的灌水水平下增施氮肥能获得较大的净光合速率、气孔导度值、瞬时水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和RuBP羧化酶活性。灌水水平为80.20%～100%、施氮量为623～1 250 kg/hm²的各处理可以有效改善叶片光响应特征;灌水水平和施氮量与总干物质积累量之间呈开口向下的抛物线趋势,但灌水水平对总干物质积累量的影响并不显著。通过对沙培黄瓜叶片光合生理指标与干物质积累量的相关性分析可知,进入初瓜期后黄瓜叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量及光响应特征参数与其干物质积累量有明显的正相关关系。本试验条件下,T4处理为最优水氮耦合方案（...     

羊粪有机肥对洛阳植烟土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响

本试验通过研究植烟土壤中微生物群落结构和功能类群对羊粪有机肥的响应,为洛阳烟区应用有机肥改良植烟土壤提供科学依据。试验设4个处理：不施肥(CK)、仅施化肥(T1)、50%饼肥氮+50%化肥氮(T2)、50%羊粪有机肥氮+50%化肥氮(T3),采用高通量测序技术分析烟草旺长期各处理土壤微生物群落结构及功能类群。结果表明：(1)有机肥明显改变了植烟土壤微生物群落结构的alpha多样性。与饼肥处理相比,羊粪有机肥降低了烟草土壤细菌群落结构的多样性和丰富度,但是提高了真菌群落结构的多样性和均匀度。(2)beta多样性分析显示有机肥处理土壤微生物群落结构与单施化肥处理明显不同,羊粪有机肥和饼肥处理间真菌群落结构差异较大。(3)优势细菌类群分析：有机肥增加了放线菌门和变形菌门的相对丰度,降低了酸杆菌门的相对丰度,其中饼肥处理放线菌门丰度增加更为显著,羊粪有机肥处理变形菌门丰度增加幅度较大。LEfSe分析表明,T1处理红色杆菌纲和红色杆菌目显著富集,T2样本中放线菌门、放线菌纲、Frankiales目显著富集,T3处理样本中鞘脂单胞菌科、鞘脂单胞菌目和丙酸杆菌目显著富集。(4)优势真菌类群分析：有机...     

Rapid evolution of Ophraella communa cold tolerance in new low-temperature environments

Low winter temperatures severely stress newly arriving insect species. Adaptive evolutionary changes in cold tolerance can facilitate their establishment in new environments. Ambrosia artemisiifolia, a noxious invasive plant, occurs throughout China. Ophraella communa, a biological control agent of A. artemisiifolia, mainly occurs in southern China. However, in 2012, it established populations in Beijing (39.98°N, 115.97°E) following introduction from Laibin (23.62°N, 109.37°E), implying cold adaptation. The mechanisms underlying its rapid evolution of cold tolerance remain unknown. We investigated the levels of cryoprotectants and energy reserves in adult O. communa from two latitudes. In high-latitude insects, we found high trehalose, proline, glycerol, total sugar, and lipid levels; five potential genes (Tret1a, Tret1b, Tret1-2, P5CS, and GST), responsible for regulating cold tolerance and involved in trehalose transport, proline biosynthesis, and glutathione S-transferase activation, were highly expressed. These hybridisation changes could facilitate cold temperature adaptation. We demonstrate the genetic basis underlying rapid adaptation of cold tolerance in O. communa, explaining its extension to higher latitudes. Thus, specialist herbivores can follow host plants by adapting to new temperature environments via rapid genetic evolution.

     

Survival,growth and photochemical efficiency of silver fir seedlings produced with different technologies

New Forests - Forest tree seedling production technologies impact reforestation success determined with survival and quality of seedlings. Five Abies alba seedling production technologies were...     

水生植物对富营养化水体去除氮磷研究

选取5种典型水生植物菖蒲、千屈菜、旱伞草、水葫芦、黑藻,研究各单种植物单元对模拟富营养化水体生态系统的净化效果.结果表明:5种水生植物均能在富营养化水体中正常生长,对水体中的氮、磷均有一定的净化效果.5种植物去氮能力的大小依次为水葫芦>黑藻>旱伞草>菖蒲>千屈菜,5种植物去磷能力的大小依次为水葫芦>旱伞草>黑藻>菖蒲>千屈菜;5种植物对氮的累积率为10.49％—60.73％,对磷的累积率为13.45％—43.55％;5种植物对氮、磷的去除贡献率分别为61.65％—75.93％,45.66％—68.81％.试验证明,5种植物均可有效应用于城市富营养化水体中氮、磷的净化.     

Different drought-adaptive capacity of a native Patagonian tree species (Nothofagus pumilio) resulting from local adaptation

European Journal of Forest Research - The resistance of different genotypes to abiotic stress may be due to genetic effects and/or to phenotypic plasticity allowing them to acclimate to variable...     

不同促生剂对红花玉兰娇红2号苗木移栽生长的影响

娇红2号为红花玉兰系列新品种,具有极高观赏价值,但是红花玉兰娇红2号移栽后缓苗时间较长.为了缩短移栽缓苗期,促进苗木正常生长,尝试对红花玉兰娇红2号施用ABT-1号生根粉和EM菌剂,并分析其苗木生长发育过程,为揭示移栽后苗木生长响应规律及引种推广提供参考.以1年生红花玉兰娇红2号嫁接苗为试验材料,使用不同质量分数的ABT-1号生根粉和EM菌剂进行浸根、浇水试验.设置对照(CK)、A1、A2、A3、A4、B1、B2、B3、B4共9个处理,分别于5月、7月、9月进行生长指标和生理指标测定,分析各处理的苗木生长发育情况.结果 表明:各处理与对照相比,苗木根系生长恢复期缩短和结合体内保护酶系统的正向调节,促进了苗木正常生长;A3处理(ABT-1号生根粉)可缩短缓苗期2个月左右,用生根粉处理比EM菌剂处理的效果要好;A3处理(ABT-1号生根粉)能明显促进移栽苗木根系2-3级细根的分化吸收运输水分和营养,并通过提高净光合速率和调节自身保护酶系统活性,促进苗木恢复正常生长状态,缩短缓苗期2个月左右.     

不同分层土壤对锌的吸附解吸特性

为探究重金属锌在不同分层土壤中的吸附解吸特性,了解锌在分层土壤中的迁移规律,试验通过批量平衡试验,分析了锌在4个分层土壤(耕作层、犁底层、心土层、母质层)中的吸附解吸行为。结果表明:各分层土壤对锌的吸附动力学过程包括快速吸附、慢速吸附、吸附平衡3个阶段,准二级动力学方程对吸附过程的拟合效果优于准一级动力学方程,Langmuir方程能更好的拟合4种分层黑土对锌的等温吸附过程,4种土壤分层对锌的吸附能力由大到小的顺序为耕作层、犁底层、心土层、母质层,是因为随着土壤深度的增加,土壤有机质质量分数逐渐减小,4种分层土壤对锌的吸附能力逐渐降低。吸附热力学试验表明,随着温度的升高,各分层土壤对锌的吸附量均逐渐增大,ΔG<0(ΔG为吉布斯自由能的变化),ΔH>0(ΔH是标准焓变),ΔS>0(ΔS是标准熵变)说明了4个分层土壤对锌的吸附过程为自发、吸热、无序的过程。Zn的解吸量与吸附量呈正比,最大解吸量随着剖面深度的增加而减小,且均存在滞后效应。N、P质量浓度的增加,可以提高土壤固定Zn的能力,减小Zn对土壤农作物、地下水的重金属危害。