播种方式对不同品种小麦产量和品质的影响

研究不同播种方式对不同品种小麦产量和品质的影响,为小麦高产高效栽培提供参考。采用二因素随机区组设计,播种方式为匀播（A1）和常规条播（A2）,小麦品种为衡观35(B1)、邯6172(B2)、轮选103(B3)和石麦25(B4)。结果表明,2种播种方式对植株性状影响差异显著,条播的株高和穗粒数均显著高于匀播,匀播的产量、穗数和千粒重均显著高于条播,其中匀播处理的产量比条播提高4.42%。播种方式对小麦的容重、面筋指数、出粉率和14%吸水率有显著影响,匀播处理的小麦出粉率比条播高2.02个百分点。条播处理下石麦25的产量最高,衡观35的磨粉品质较好;匀播处理下衡观35、邯6172和轮选103的产量均较高,邯6172的粉质指标较好。     

不同性别家蝇对药剂的敏感性比较

在室内用点滴法测定了杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对家蝇雌雄成虫的毒力,并对毒力进行了比较。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对雄性家蝇的毒力分别是雌性家蝇毒力的4．63、2．41、3．11、1．73倍。     

索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态及其防控效果

为明确田间水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)的主要寄生性天敌索线虫科线虫的寄生动态及防控效果,于2013—2015年在湖南省长沙市宁乡市通过田间调查和线虫罩笼法研究了索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态以及优势种长沙多索线虫Agamermis changshaensis Bao,Luo et Luo对褐飞虱的防控效果。结果表明,在长沙市,索线虫科线虫寄生白背飞虱始见期为6月底至7月初,1个月后出现高峰期,基本与白背飞虱发生高峰期同步;对褐飞虱寄生高峰期早稻多发生在7月中下旬,而晚稻在8月底至9月中旬。索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为16.95%、14.81%和7.69%;而对褐飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为43.33%、20.93%和11.63%。2014年和2015年罩笼盆栽试验结果表明,处理后45 d长沙多索线虫对褐飞虱的防控效果分别为36.11%和33.19%。研究结果表明长沙多索线虫可以作为水稻稻飞虱绿色防控的一种重要辅助性措施。     

基于迁移学习的嫩江市主要农作物遥感分类

【目的 】机器学习模型在农作物分类研究领域有着较高精度,但如何利用历史样本用于当前时间的作物分类是一个难点。迁移学习的核心思想在于找到已有数据与新数据之间的相似性,文章旨在探索迁移学习方法使用历史样本进行作物分类的可靠性。【方法 】该文以嫩江市为研究区域,基于实地采样数据与遥感数据,用随机森林（Random Forest,RF）分类器,结合多种遥感指数,对2020—2021年嫩江市玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类;利用动态时间规整方法,以2020—2021年实地采样数据生成2022年的分类样本,用RF对2022年嫩江市的玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类。【结果 】（1）对2020—2021年玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类,RF的平均总体精度达到97.8%。（2）对动态时间规整方法生成的2022年玉米与大豆种植区域进行分类,RF的总体精度达到87.5%。【结论 】基于迁移学习的作物识别方法达到较高精度,具有实践意义,可提高历史时期样本的利用效率。     

Herbicidal and biological characteristics of a new benzenesulfonylurea compound K-11451 under submerged paddy conditions

The new benzenesulfonylurea K-11451, an α-hydroxy-β-fluoropropyl- compound, applied at 3–9 g ha ⁻¹, controlled annual and perennial weeds grown in submerged paddy soil under greenhouse conditions. It effectively controlled barnyardgrass at growth stages varying from pre-emergence to the five-leaf stage. The compound inhibited acetolactate synthase, I₅₀ values for the enzyme isolated from barnyardgrass and rice being 56 and 67 nM , respectively. K-11451 inhibited the growth of rice when it was transplanted at a shallow depth (0–1 cm) and water leaching from the paddy soil was high (3–5 cm per day). With a water depth of 3 cm, the compound appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil and had the relatively short half-life of 15.2 days under submerged paddy conditions. A mixture of K-11451 + mefenecet + daimuron (9 + 250 + 250 g ha⁻¹) controlled almost all weeds in the paddy field without injury to rice, so that the combination could be used as a ‘one-shot’ herbicide in rice culture.     

添加麦秸对鸡粪堆肥过程中氮素减排及细菌群落的影响

好氧堆肥是实现鸡粪资源化利用最主要的技术手段,然而在堆肥过程中氮素损失较为严重,既降低肥效又引起严重的污染。本文以纯鸡粪堆肥为对照,利用麦秸将鸡粪堆肥的C/N调节至15,分析了堆肥过程材料中理化性质、氮素转化和微生物群落变化,探讨了减少堆肥氮素损失的技术与机理。结果显示,加入麦秸后堆肥高温持续时间达到23 d,比对照延长了9 d,pH较对照组明显降低,氮素损失降低了39.67%。硝态氮含量达到281.99 mg·kg^-1,比对照增加了68.75%。微生物群落趋于稳定,具有硝化功能的细菌o＿＿Staphylococcales、o＿＿Brachybacterium、f＿＿Staphylococcaceae、g＿＿Staphylococcus、g＿＿Salinicoccus相对丰度比对照分别增加了88.45%、96.39%、88.45%、96.08%、79.20%,有利于堆体氮素保留和转化。试验结果表明,加入麦秸秆之后影响了鸡粪堆肥的细菌群落结构,增加了具有硝化功能的细菌丰度,从而减少了堆体氮素的损失。     

Temperature and plant age drive downy mildew disease epidemics on oilseed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">B. juncea</Emphasis>

Studies were undertaken on the effects of temperature (14/10 °C and 22/17 °C day/night) and plant age (15, 23, 31 and 40 day-old-plants) on the severity of downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica) on oilseed Brassica cultivars (temperature: Brassica juncea Montara, B. napus Atomic, ATR-Hyden, Hyola 432, Hyola 450 TT, Thunder TT; plant age: B. juncea Dune, B. napus Surpass 402 and Hyola 450 TT). For temperature studies, there were significant (P?<?0.001) effects of temperature, cultivar, and cultivar x temperature interaction. On cotyledons of susceptible cultivars (B. napus Hyola 450 TT and Thunder TT), plants were symptomatic at 22/17 °C by 48 h post inoculation (hpi) and with abundant sporulation evident by 72 hpi, and with all cotyledons of B. napus Thunder TT collapsed by 7 days post inoculation (dpi). However, at 14/10 °C, there were no symptoms on the same cultivars until 5 dpi, and sporulation only observed at 7 dpi. Percent disease index values (DI%) at 22/17 °C of B. juncea Montara and B. napus ATR-Hyden, Hyola 432, Atomic, Hyola 450 TT and Thunder TT were 4.5, 49.0, 51.4, 65.8, 86.3 and 96.0, respectively, with all except B. juncea Montara having significantly lower (P?<?0.001) disease at 14/10 °C with DI% values of 2.8, 30.4, 27.9, 31.1, 44.4 and 76.4, respectively. For plant age studies, there were significant (P?<?0.001) effects of plant age, cultivar, and cultivar x plant age interaction. DI% was significantly higher at 15 compared to 40 day-old-plants (dop) across all cultivars. B. juncea Dune showed greatest resistance, particularly on 40 dop, with DI% values of 25.8, 24.6, 22.9 and 7.5, for 15, 23, 31 and 40 dop, respectively. B. napus Surpass 402 showed high susceptibility on cotyledons of 15 dop but moderate resistance on leaves of other ages, with DI% values of 59.0, 31.2, 27.1 and 26.2 for 15, 23, 31 and 40 dop, respectively. B. napus Hyola 450 TT showed very high susceptibility at the cotyledon stage on 15 dop, but some resistance on 23 dop and more so on 31 and 40 dop, with DI% values of 84.0, 41.2, 35.4 and 32.9 for 15, 23, 31 and 40 dop, respectively. Together, these findings explain for the first time why development of downy mildew epidemics on susceptible cultivars occurs early in the growing season when warmer seasonal temperatures in autumn coincide with presence of seedlings; in contrast to later in the growing season on less susceptible older plants coinciding with cooler and less favourable winter temperatures. Increasing maximum and minimum temperatures associated with climate change have likely fostered the increased severity of downy mildew over the past 15 years.     

宁夏罗山地区2004-2015年NPP时空变化及气候响应

[目的] 揭示罗山保护区植被净初级生产力（NPP）变化规律及气候相关性,为宁夏回族自治区及其周边生态环境保护提供科学依据。[方法] 利用MOD17A3H NPP（2004—2015年）数据、SRTM DEM和罗山周边气象站点（2004—2015年）年均气温和降水数据,运用相关性分析、趋势分析、线性回归分析等方法,分析气候、人口、生态及移民政策等对研究区植被净初级生产力的影响,对区内NPP时空变化特征进行定量化分析。[结果] ①研究区内植被净初级生产力的变化与降水的相关性较高;在核心区,降水与NPP的相关系数R=0.609,置信度p=0.036;在非核心区,相关系数R=0.648,置信度p=0.023;②研究区NPP呈波动增长趋势,速率为0.076 Pg/a（以C计）,高于全国NPP增长速率（0.008 Pg/a）; ③2010—2015年大罗山森林覆盖面积有所增长,NPP介于350～500 g/（m²·a）的森林面积是2004—2009年的4倍,小罗山方向基带植被由荒漠向荒漠草原转化; ④研究区以NPP划分的生态格局主要以荒漠为主（64.9%）,荒漠草原次之（29.6%）,森林占比极低（0.38%）。[结论] 干旱区植被NPP高度依赖降水,罗山地区生态结构有所改善,但森林生态系统仍极端脆弱。     

基于去趋势分析的中国温带旱柳开花始期对气候变暖的响应

为了更准确地揭示植物在物候水平上对气温变化的响应与适应机制,在去气温和物候时间序列趋势的基础上,建立日尺度的气温?物候回归模型,分析中国温带地区40个站点1986-2011年旱柳开花始期对气温变化的响应与适应机理。结果表明：中国温带地区77.5%的站点旱柳开花始期呈提前趋势,相应的敏感时段春季气温则呈上升趋势（0.8±0.5℃·10a-1）。其中,75%的站点物候期或气温时间序列存在显著变化趋势。进行去趋势处理后,17.5%的站点相关性发生变化,去趋势前其相关性较低,去趋势后,表现为显著负相关;模拟的均方根误差（RMSE）从去趋势前的5.5d降至去趋势后的4.9d,说明去趋势方法能提高气温-物候响应关系诊断的精确度。基于去时间序列线性趋势的气温－物候回归模型,得到92.5%的站点旱柳开花期与敏感时段春季气温呈显著负相关关系,即随着气温的升高,旱柳开花期呈提前趋势,其线性响应速率为-2.5±2.1d·℃-1。