长江上游不同降雨带水蚀特征空间分析

利用长江上游135个国家基准气象站1960-2009年的日降雨量统计得到的多年平均降水量,并对这些气象站的多年平均降雨量和该地区225个县多年平均降雨量数据进行空间分析处理,结合USLE模型计算得到长江上游土壤水蚀分布图,利用GIS技术手段对不同降雨带下的土壤水蚀状况进行了分析。研究表明：该区域水蚀量占土壤侵蚀总量的78%;水蚀程度分布与降雨带分布均呈自西向东递增趋势,局部存在差异。江源区及川西北部,多年平均降雨量小于900 mm,水蚀以微度为主;川中部地区降雨分布不均,水蚀区域差异较大;四川盆地与陕、甘交界地段,降雨等级在4-5之间、重庆北部降雨等级在7-8之间的地区,水蚀均较为严重,以强度以上为主;云南西北金沙江下游地区、重庆西南以及湖北秭归、宜昌等地降雨等级在7-8之间,水蚀以中、强度为主;当降雨等级为8时,土壤侵蚀指数达最大（160.5）。该结果与2000年长江上游土壤侵蚀遥感调查结果基本一致,为进一步揭示长江上游水土流失的空间分布及成因提供参考。     

配气机构拆装CAI课件的开发研制

针对基于捷达汽车发动机设计的配气机构多媒体课件,主要介绍了配气机构的基本工作原理、拆装过程及注意事项,该课件可用于发动机配气机构结构原理的讲解或作为发动机拆装实习的辅助教学。该软件主要利用3ds max 4.0制作素材,渲染成＊.bmp图片和＊.avi动画文件;利用Photoshop制作背景和按钮;利用Authorware进行整体链接和画面的调整、音乐的播放和停止、动画的播放和停止,以及帮助和退出等设计。     

几种胡敏酸还原容量的表征与比较

还原容量(RC)是衡量胡敏酸(HA)还原特性的重要指标。采用饱和H2振荡法和土壤溶液法对HA分别进行化学和微生物预处理,分别以硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3)、柠檬酸铁(FeCit)作电子受体,测定了三种HA(上海巨枫SH,天津光复TJ,缙云山JY)的本底还原容量(NRC),化学还原容量(CRC),微生物还原容量(MRC)。对不同电子受体条件下、不同初始状态和不同种类的胡敏酸的RC进行比较。结果表明：三种HA中,以缙云山土壤提取的胡敏酸RC值最高,还原容量最大,分别为20.21?0.26mmolc mol-1C (NRC)、26.02?1.12mmolc mol-1C (CRC)和29.29?1.56mmolc mol-1C (MRC)。两种电子受体中,采用Fe(NO3)3得到的RC明显高于在FeCit条件下。另外,溶液态HA的RC明显高于固态。由此证明胡敏酸还原容量是一个相对量;其容量大小不仅和自身结构、性质有关,也受到HA初始形态和不同电子受体的影响。对比三个还原容量指标发现CRC和MRC显著大于NRC,而CRC和MRC之间无明确大小关系,因此用CRC来表征HA被微生物还原后的还原容量(MRC)还需作进一步验证。     

水体太阳能供电增氧系统及其运行效果

为了快速改善水产养殖水体质量,该文分析了国内水体富营养化的现状和存在的问题,提出了以太阳能电池为动力,采用单片机设计了一套水体增氧系统,重点介绍了硬件组成、结构特点和软件实现方法,并应用在公园鱼池净化和鲤鱼养殖生产中。试验结果表明,该系统能够实时控制鱼池中的溶氧量、pH值,使多环境因子稳定在最佳值附近。为增强水体的自净能力,提高水产养殖水平提供了一种切实可行的技术措施。     

Effects of long-term treatments of different organic fertilizers complemented with chemical N fertilizer on the chemical and biological properties of soils

Continuous cultivation has been known to decrease soil organic matter content. Application of organic matter to cultivated soil is an important practice from the point of view of maintaining an adequate amount of soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content significantly affects soil microbial activity, which is an important index of soil quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine the long-term effects of different kinds of organic matter in combination with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on chemical and biological properties of soils. There were seven treatments, namely (1) CK (without fertilization), (2) Chem-N (applying chemical N fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applying compost with the same rate of N as the Chem-N treatment), (4) Comp + l/3 N (applying compost complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (applying compost complemented with 66% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (6) GM + 1/3 N (applying green manure complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment) and (7) Peat + 1/3 N (applying peat complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment). After continuous treatment for 12 years and with cultivation of 24 crops on the same area, soils were sampled for analyses of chemical and biological properties, enzymatic activities and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The results showed that compared with CK and Chem-N treatments, applications of compost and peat increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content and altered microbial activities and microbial community structure. However, application of green manure for 12 years had no effect on SOC content. Both microbial activities and PLFA profiles were clearly dependent on the characteristics of the applied organic amendments. In summary, a peat application led to the highest increase in SOC content compared to compost and green manure; however, compost-treated soil had a higher microbial population and higher microbial and enzyme activities, while the effects of both green manure and chemical N fertilizer on soil properties were similar.     

Long-Term Fertilization Effects on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Korean Paddy

ABSTRACT

Long-term fertilization tests evaluated rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in relation to application of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) (120-34.9-66.7 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1967–1972 and N-P-K (150-43.7-83.3 kg ha^{? 1}, respectively) during 1973–2000. The comparison treatments (NP, PK, and NK) and the control (not fertilized) were selected for calculating nutrient efficiency. Rice grain yield increased at a 17.78 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} in the control, mainly due to development of improved cultivars. Phosphorus management was found to be important for indigenous fertility and rice productivity in this paddy soil. Yield increased significantly with P fertilization. Without N fertilization (PK), rice productivity increased 56.85 kg ha^{? 1} yr^{? 1} from 62% of NPK at the initial stage to 74% after passing 34 years, which might be affected by increasing biological N fixation with P accumulation in soil. In NK treatment, rice yield increased at a relatively low rate (37.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) from the same rice productivity with that of NPK in 1967 to 91% after 34 years. In comparison, yield increased at a high rate (62.82 kg hr^{? 1} yr^{? 1}) without K fertilization (NP) from ca. 90% of NPK and might exceed the yield of NPK after 64 years of long-term fertilization. Therefore, K fertilization level might be readjusted after long-term fertilizing in paddy soil.     

黄土高原植被净初级生产力时空变化及其影响因素

为了探明黄土高原地区植被生产力变化的驱动机制,该文基于MODIS传感器获得的MOD17A3数据,分析了黄土高原2000-2010年间植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)的时空变化及其主要影响因素,并借助多元统计分析方法对引起NPP变化的自然和人为因素进行量化分析。结果表明:黄土高原植被总NPP从2000年的119 Tg(以C计)增加到2010年的144 Tg(以C计),年增速4.57 g/(m2·a)(P0.05)(以C计)。黄土高原约91%的区域NPP呈增加趋势,37%的区域增加趋势显著,主要分布在陕西、青海大部分地区、甘肃南部及宁南山区。整个黄土高原近11 a间NPP变化受自然和人为因素共同影响,其中退耕还林还草累计面积、帕尔默干旱指数(palmer drought severity index,PDSI)、耕地面积和人口数量是影响NPP变化的主要因素。退耕还林还草累计面积占四者总贡献率的43%,PDSI占40%,耕地面积和人口数量分别占13%和4%。对区域而言,由退耕还林还草工程引起的土地利用覆被变化是退耕区(陕北、甘肃东南部等)NPP增加的主要因素,而近年来干旱情况的缓解(PDSI呈上升趋势)则是青海、内蒙古等地NPP增加的主要因素。该研究对于黄土高原各区域生态资源管理,以及生态系统的建设具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

三峡库区农田氨挥发及其消减措施研究进展

从分析农田氨挥发的机理入手,在分析国内外氨挥发研究现状的背景下,综述了三峡库区农田氨挥发受气候、土壤理化性质、田间管理措施等因素的影响程度及其消减措施的研究进展,提出了应将农田氨挥发作为库区气态氮损失的研究重点,同时在研究方法、时空尺度、地域特殊影响因素,以及消减措施等方面进行更深入的探索。     

基于膨胀比的自由活塞发动机理想热力循环分析

为提高传统发动机的热效率,降低燃料消耗成本,减少尾气排放,该文建立了基于增压中冷和Atkinson循环的四冲程自由活塞发动机理想热力循环模型,着重分析了膨胀比对自由活塞发动机热力过程的影响,提出了膨胀极限的概念,通过数值模拟方法对膨胀比与发动机热效率关系进行了仿真研究和试验验证,结果表明,通过增大膨胀比可使发动机的热效率提高10%;膨胀终了温度降低500K以上。研究结果可为自由活塞发动机在混合动力车辆上的应用提供参考。     

近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法快速评估土壤质量

以长江中下游粮食主产区水稻土为研究对象,采集17种不同施肥处理下共136个土壤样品在350 ～2 500 nm范围的近红外光谱,利用偏最小二乘回归分析结合交叉验证法建立了近红外漫反射光谱与传统化学分析方法测得的全碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效钾、速效磷、电导率、土壤pH等土壤指标之间的定量分析模型。模型的决定系数（R2）以及化学分析值标准差（SD）与模型的内部交叉验证均方差（RMSECV）的比值RSC用于判定建立的模型的好坏。结果表明：全碳、全氮、碳氮比和pH模型的R2和RSC分别为：R2=0.94,RSC=4.31;R2=0.95,RSC=4.35;R2=0.97,RSC=5.60;R2=0.92,RSC=3.37,说明上述土壤指标的预测结果很好。速效钾模型的R2和RSC分别为：R2=0.87,RSC=2.23,表明预测结果尚好。而速效磷和电导率模型的R2和RSC分别为：R2=0.18,RSC=1.16;R2=0.37,RSC=1.31,说明两者的预测结果均很不理想。综上所述,水稻土的土壤质量相关指标（全碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效钾和土壤pH）可以通过近红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法（NIR-PLS）快速评估。