YTG型双向体积管在计量检定中的应用

体积管是检定流量计的标准器。ＹＴＧ型双向体积管，其外型尺寸、主体结构、检定速度、日常管理等方面，均比单向体积管有明显的优点，并具有独特的容积补偿性，给体积管的管理、使用带来极大方便。介绍了ＹＴＧ型双向体积管的结构、技术指标及其优越性，并建议在条件允许的情况下，尽可能使用双向体积管。     

Myocardial and pancreatic lesions induced by T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin, in swine

Myocardial and pancreatic lesions induced by sublethal doses of T-2 toxin in swine were characterized by light and electron microscopy. Toxin was given intravenously to six 17- to 18-week-old pigs. Pigs were killed 24 or 48 hours after treatment. Grossly, subendocardial hemorrhages, multifocal pinpoint white foci in myocardium, and pancreatic edema occurred in one treated pig. Histologic changes in myocardium of treated pigs consisted of multifocal edema, mononuclear cell infiltration, myofiber hyalinization, vacuolation, and contraction bands with nuclear pyknosis. Ultrastructurally, there were areas of edema, myofibrillar disorganization, dilation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and formation of hypercontraction bands. Myocardial mineralization was seen in the pig with gross lesions. Pancreatic changes in treated pigs consisted of multifocal acinar degeneration and necrosis. Ultrastructural changes included irregular dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and abnormal zymogen granules. Thus, in addition to radiomimetic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and lymphoid organs, heart and pancreas are target organs of T-2 toxin in swine.     

Homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing GNA with enhanced resistance to the rice sap-sucking pest Laodelphax striatellus

Homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing snowdrop lectin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), were investigated for resistance to the rice small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, an important rice sap‐sucking pest causing yield losses and serving as vector for some important rice viruses. Insect bioassay results revealed that both the GNA‐expressing homozygous lines tested significantly inhibited SBPH by decreasing its survival, its overall fecundity and retarding development. This is the first report on homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing GNA conferring enhanced resistance to SBPH. This result suggests that transgenic rice expressing GNA will be useful in rice pest resistance breeding, as an alternative to conventional breeding for the control of SBPH, and potentially alleviating damage caused by the viruses it transmits.     

An introduction to markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection for crop improvement: The basic concepts

Recognizing the enormous potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, many agricultural research centers and plant breeding institutes have adopted the capacity for marker development and marker-assisted selection (MAS). However, due to rapid developments in marker technology, statistical methodology for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the jargon used by molecular biologists, the utility of DNA markers in plant breeding may not be clearly understood by non-molecular biologists. This review provides an introduction to DNA markers and the concept of polymorphism, linkage analysis and map construction, the principles of QTL analysis and how markers may be applied in breeding programs using MAS. This review has been specifically written for readers who have only a basic knowledge of molecular biology and/or plant genetics. Its format is therefore ideal for conventional plant breeders, physiologists, pathologists, other plant scientists and students.     

乐清湾围塘养殖泥蚶繁殖周期与环境因子的关系

为了研究人工养殖环境条件及气候变化对乐清湾泥蚶性腺发育造成的影响。自2010年3月-2011年2月,利用组织学等手段对乐清湾围塘养殖泥蚶的性腺发育作了周年观察,同时对围塘养殖环境温度、盐度和叶绿素a做了周年调查和分析。结果表明：其性腺发育分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期5个阶段。配子发生开始于3月,水温为16.6℃,大部分个体在6-7月性成熟,此时水温和叶绿素a含量达到最高,7月后大规模产卵。乐清湾围塘养殖泥蚶为雌雄异体,泥蚶的卵细胞直径呈显著的周年变化,从3月(8.87±2.4) μm开始增加,7月达最大值(48.47±9.51) μm。随着产卵的发生,卵径急剧减小,至8月,卵径降低至(18.57±2.77) μm。卵径变化与性腺发育周期具有明显的相关性,卵径可以作为判断泥蚶性腺成熟度的一个良好指标。     

基于信息扩散理论的东北三省农业洪灾风险评估

为了解决农业洪涝灾害风险评估时常会遇到的小样本问题,采用正态信息扩散方法,将单值观测样本点转化为集值样本点,进行了东北三省的区域农业洪涝灾害风险评估,并利用ArcGIS平台制成了该区域的农业洪灾风险图,直观地展示了东北地区农业洪灾风险的空间分布和空间变化趋势。该结果为政府的减灾和应急管理以及保险公司的农业灾害保险方案规划提供借鉴。     

Effects of Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on Photosynthetic Physiology of CottonSeedlings under Low Temperature

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the photosynthetic physiology of cotton seedlings under low temperature and to provide basis for improving the cold tolerance of cotton by using EBR as growth regulator. [Method] Taking CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 as materials, a field experiment was carried out in Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS(Anyang county, Henan province). Before the first low temperature treatment, the cotton seedlings were sprayed with distilled water (Control) and different concentrations of EBR (0.1 mg·L^－1 and 0.2 mg·L^－1), respectively. After 3 days, the relative electrical conductivity, chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetic curve (OJIP) and fluorescence parameters were measured. [Result] Under low temperature, the relative conductivity of CCRI 60, Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 spraying with EBR decreased by 17.7%～32.8% compared with control, and there was no significant difference between CCRI 60 and Lumianyan 28 in different concentrations of EBR treatments, butthe relative conductivity of Simian 3 treating with 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR was significantly lower than those treatments with 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR . The chl a and chl b contents increased by 9.7%～32.6% and 15.0%～18.9%, respectively. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ (F_v/F_M) and photosynthetic performance index on absorption basis(PI_ABS) increased significantly. PI_ABS of CCRI 60 increase the maximum by 75.6% using 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR. Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3 increased the maximum by 101.1% and 265.6% using 0.2 mg·L^－1 EBR, respectively; Absorbed photon flux per cross section (ABS/CSm), electron transport flux (further than QA) per active reactive center (ETo/RC) and probability for electron transport (φEo) are significantly increased. [Conclusion] Exogenous EBR can enhance the ability of low temperature tolerance of cotton seedlings and alleviate the inhibition of photosynthesis in cotton at low temperature. The study showed that 0.1 mg·L^－1 EBR performs well in CCRI 60 and 0.2 mg·L^－1 in Lumianyan 28 and Simian 3.     

小麦种质资源农艺性状变异及其遗传多样性分析

为了解不同小麦种质资源农艺性状变异及其遗传多样性,利用SSR分子标记分析了44份CIMMYT春小麦和45份国内主栽小麦种质资源的遗传变异。结果表明,小麦单株产量、株高和穗粒数的变异系数分别为36.7%、16.4%和15.6%,说明国内外种质材料在表型上存在较大差异。利用20对分子标记对89份小麦种质资源进行了多态性检测,结果显示,共检测到162个等位变异,每对引物检测到等位变异数目为6~9个,平均每对SSR标记能够检测到8.1个变异,其中Xgwm314的多态性最丰富;SSR标记的多态性信息含量（PIC）介于0.0223~0.8177,平均值为0.5109;平均每位点的有效等位基因数的变异范围为0.2984~8.7818,Xgwm165的多态性最丰富,平均值为1.2215;Shannon’s信息指数的变异范围为0.1114~0.3162,平均值为0.2307。聚类分析结果显示,89份小麦种质资源分为2大类群,第一类有25份,该类群株高较低,第二类有64份,国外材料大多集中在这一类中。本研究表明,44份CIMMYT春小麦及45份国内主栽小麦种质资源遗传相似性较大,地域性分布特征显著,聚类结果反映出小麦品种（系）多样性水平复杂,可为小麦新品种选育提供优异的亲本材料。