Blast disease is one of the biggest diseases of rice plant in Japan. For example, in 1953, the total area of damage by blast disease was about 160 × 104 hectare and the decreased yield of rice Was about 67.5 × 104 ton in Japan. There have been many studies on blast disease for a long time. Tanaka and Katsuki (7)studied the relation between environmental conditions and blast disease. They always used adult healthy rice plants as plant materials and have not analysed the plants damaged by blast fungus directly. They suggested the presence of growth-promoting factors of blast funngus especially in susceptible rice varieties. Tamari and Kaji (5, 6) suggested that the blast fungus produced some effective toxic substances which might cause the disease. Suzuki, Doi and Toyoda (4) continued to study the mechanism of rice blast resistance and they have proposed 3 phases of resistance. They are (a) resistance and environtmental factors, (b) resistance and host camponents and (c) relation of host variety to fungus race. 相似文献
The pairing of foods and beverages (especially alcoholic beverages) is an effective marketing approach to promote the value of Japanese gastronomy to overseas consumers because it requires little additional cost. In this study, the research target was French consumers, and the evaluation targets were grilled fall-season wild chum salmon from Japan (mainly from Hokkaido) and Japanese rice wine (sake). The difference in the consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) was evaluated using the contingent valuation method. In addition, we analyzed the determinants by applying Tobit regression. Our results revealed that there was a higher WTP when Japan’s (Hokkaido’s) grilled fall salmon and sake were presented as a set than when they were presented individually. The geographical identity of the origin of food and beverages can engender a positive premium to consumers through the synergistic effect of the origin of the brand.
A novel latent closterovirus was detected from highbush blueberry in Japan and provisionally named blueberry virus A (BVA). The BVA genome (17,798 nucleotides) contains 10 open reading frames, but no minor coat protein could be identified in the virus genome. The BVA RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), heat shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h), and major coat protein (CP) shared the highest amino acid sequence identities with those of viruses in the genus Closterovirus (61.2, 27.6, and 20.9 %, respectively). In a phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp, HSP70h, and CP, BVA did not cluster with any genus in the family Closteroviridae. 相似文献
Using a recently developed model pathosystem involving Medicagotruncatula and Mycosphaerellapinodes, causal agent of Mycosphaerella blight on pea to understand host molecular response to a fungal suppressor, we applied the suppressor to leaves of M.truncatula and identified 151 nonredundant cDNA fragments as newly expressed genes. These included genes encoding lipoxygenase (LOX) and enoyl-CoA hydratase, which are presumably involved in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis. Potential genes encoding plastidic enzymes, including allene oxide synthase (AOS) and allene oxide cyclase (AOC), and other peroxisomal enzymes involved in β-oxidation were predicted from the Medicago Gene Index EST database and tested for altered expression by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The coordinated expression of genes encoding both plastidic and peroxisomal enzymes showed that the suppressor likely conditions certain cellular process(es) through the JA synthesis in M.truncatula. To explore the role of JA or JA-regulated cellular process(es) in conditioning susceptibility, we used an Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology to silence pea genes including LOX, AOS, AOC and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase (OPR). In LOX-, AOS-, AOC- or OPR-silenced pea plants, disease development induced by M.pinodes was remarkably reduced. Similarly, silencing of mRNA for LOX, AOS, AOC or OPR reduced the sensitivity to a phytotoxin, coronatine, which is believed to act through a JA-dependent process. On the basis of these results, it is conceivable that M. pinodes has evolved a strategy to condition susceptibility by manipulating the physiology of host cells, in particular JA-regulated cellular process(es), to promote disease development in pea. 相似文献
In mouse embryos, segregation of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE)
lineages is regulated by genes, such as OCT-4, CDX2 and
TEAD4. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the segregation
of the ICM and TE lineages in porcine embryos remain unknown. To obtain insights regarding
the segregation of the ICM and TE lineages in porcine embryos, we examined the mRNA
expression patterns of candidate genes, OCT-4, CDX2,
TEAD4, GATA3, NANOG,
FGF4, FGFR1-IIIc and FGFR2-IIIc, in
blastocyst and elongated stage embryos. In blastocyst embryos, the expression levels of
OCT-4, FGF4 and FGFR1-IIIc were
significantly higher in the ICM than in the TE, while the CDX2,
TEAD4 and GATA3 levels did not differ between the ICM
and TE. The expression ratio of CDX2 to OCT-4
(CDX2/OCT-4) also did not differ between the ICM and
TE at the blastocyst stage. In elongated embryos, OCT-4,
NANOG, FGF4 and FGFR1-IIIc were
abundantly expressed in the embryo disc (ED; ICM lineage), but their expression levels
were very low in the TE. In contrast, the CDX2, TEAD4
and GATA3 levels were significantly higher in the TE than in the ED. In
addition, the CDX2/OCT-4 ratio was markedly higher in
the TE than in the ED. We demonstrated that differences in the expression levels of
OCT-4, CDX2, TEAD4,
GATA3, NANOG, FGF4,
FGFR1-IIIc and FGFR2-IIIc genes between ICM and TE
lineages cells become more clear during development from porcine blastocyst to elongated
embryos, which indicates the possibility that in porcine embryos, functions of ICM and TE
lineage cells depend on these gene expressions proceed as transition from blastocyst to
elongated stage. 相似文献
A rat kidney messenger RNA that induces a slowly activating, voltage-dependent potassium current on its expression in Xenopus oocytes was identified by combining molecular cloning with an electrophysiological assay. The cloned complementary DNA encodes a novel membrane protein that consists of 130 amino acids with a single putative transmembrane domain. This protein differs from the known ion channel proteins but is involved in the induction of selective permeation of potassium ions by membrane depolarization. 相似文献
Brown sole Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini larvae and juveniles were reared to validate daily otolith ring formation. At 15°C, a check (a distinct ring) formed on the
sagittae and lapilli at 6 days after hatching, and clear increments regularly formed outside the check. For both otoliths,
the relationship between the number of days after hatching and number of increments was linear, and the slope of the line
was approximately 1; therefore, daily formation was validated. At 12°C, the check formed on the lapillus 8 days after hatching.
Accessory primordia (AP) began forming on the sagittae of metamorphosing larvae, and the shape of the sagittae became complicated.
AP were not formed on the lapillus; concentric rings were formed throughout larval and juvenile stages. Wide and obscure increments
formed on the lapilli during metamorphosis (metamorphosing zone, MZ). Based on MZ, concentric rings that have formed on the
lapilli of juveniles can be separated into larval and juvenile rings. The morphs of large juveniles’ lapilli were bilaterally
asymmetric, and the blind-side lapilli were most suitable for otolith microstructure analysis. This study provides fundamental
information for otolith microstructure analysis in wild brown sole. 相似文献