Past and present forestry support programs in the Philippines,and lessons for the future

A variety of government programs have been implemented to support smallholder forestry for production and conservation purposes in the Philippines. This paper briefly outlines the arrangements of the past and current programs, notes how they have evolved over time, and provides some comments on their performance. Over about 30 years, as weaknesses have been identified in programs, the program designs have been modified. For most of this time, there has been an increasing emphasis on community involvement as distinct from industrial or individual farmer forestry. However, some of the intractable constraints on community planting have led to recent interest in individual property rights.     

Use of the canopy-scope for assessing canopy openness in plantation forests

The canopy-scope was recently introduced as a cheap, robust,portable and easy to use instrument for assessing canopy opennessin forests. In this study, the method was tested in predominantlyconiferous plantation forests, which were different in speciesand structure to the forests where the instrument was originallytested. The relationship between canopy openness (calculatedfrom hemispherical photography) and canopy-scope score at individualpoints, despite being statistically significant, showed considerablescatter, especially at low values. Consequently, the canopy-scopeis not recommended for obtaining estimates of canopy opennessat a single point within plantation conifer stands. However,good results were obtained when values were averaged acrossa plot. Eight to 10 canopy-scope measurements in 0.25 ha werefound to be sufficient to estimate canopy openness.     

施P肥和外生菌根菌接种对蓝桉林产量和养分积累的影响

主要研究施P肥和接种外生菌根菌对蓝桉生长、生物量和养分积累的影响。在云南楚雄的试验表明：接种外生菌根菌只能在幼林期促进树木生长，3a后这种促进作用不显著。施P肥能在幼林期促进蓝桉树高和胸径的生长，但4．5a后这种促进作用也变得不显著。由于施P肥提高了蓝桉的保存率，所以也显著地提高了蓝桉林的生物量。低P处理时，树木保存率低，较大的生长空间促进了树木的后期生长，可能会导致施P肥对后期单株蓝桉树高和胸径生长作用不显著。施P肥还增加了树木N、P和K的养分积累量，提高了上述养分的利用效率。施P肥同时还明显增加了林下植被和林下凋落物P的积累量，但不能明显增加N和K的养分积累量。树木叶片和土壤分析结果进一步说明施P肥对蓝桉幼林作用明显。试验表现出接种外生菌根菌只能在低P情况下促进树木生长，不能在高P情况下促进树木生长的基本趋势。     

Decreased needle longevity of fertilized Douglas-fir and grand fir in the northern Rockies

Changes in nutrient availability significantly affect canopy dynamics in conifers. To elucidate these effects, we experimentally fertilized mixed conifer stands at several sites across the northern Rocky Mountains. We measured needle longevity, total branch length and foliated length along the main branch axis, and determined mean retained cohort length on mid-canopy branches of shade-intolerant Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) and shade-tolerant grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.). Needle longevity ranged from 6 to 8 years in Douglas-fir and from 7 to 8 years in grand fir on unfertilized plots. Fertilization significantly decreased needle longevity by 26 and 27% in Douglas-fir and grand fir, respectively. However, the foliated branch length remained unchanged following fertilization and was similar for both species, indicating a 33% increase in mean branch length per needle cohort in Douglas-fir and a 27% increase in grand fir. These data are consistent with the theory that foliated branch length and needle longevity are a result of the ecological light compensation point (ELCP), which links the inherent physiology of the leaf with the availability of resources in the leaf environment. Mid-canopy ELCP was approximately 74 and 71 cm from the branch terminus in Douglas-fir and grand fir, respectively, regardless of fertilization. We hypothesize that fertilization-enhanced needle production and annual shoot growth resulted in a higher rate of shading of older needles. The shaded needles were unable to maintain a positive carbon balance and abscised. The results demonstrate that foliated branch length of Douglas-fir and grand fir in the northern Rocky Mountains can be treated as a homeostatic response to fertilization, whereas foliar turnover is plastic.     

Intraoperative radiation for limb sparing of the distal aspect of the radius without transcarpal plating in five dogs

Objectives— To evaluate intraoperative irradiation (IORT) as a method of limb spare with preservation of the radiocarpal joint.
Study Design— Prospective case series.
Animals— Dogs (n=5) with stage II sarcoma of the distal aspect of the radius.
Methods— A bone segment containing the tumor was isolated surgically, treated by IORT, reimplanted, and secured by internal fixation. In 1 dog, the postradiation tumor bed was curetted and filled with bone cement. Dogs were administered alternating adriamycin and carboplatin starting 2 weeks after IORT and monitored at regular intervals.
Results— Four dogs had osteosarcoma and 1 had undifferentiated sarcoma. Implant failure (n=3), deep tissue infection (3), and pathologic fracture (3) resulted in amputation (3) or pancarpal plating (2). The dog with undifferentiated sarcoma was euthanatized because of suspected tumor recurrence 4 months postoperatively. Osteotomy healing was documented by radiography (1), histopathology (2), or by direct observation (2).
Conclusions— A technique for limb-sparing surgery of the distal portion of the radius in dogs using IORT had advantages include healing of the autograft and a source for a perfectly fitting autograft but did not appear to offer any advantage with respect to infection rate. Long-term preservation of the radiocarpal joint was not successful.
Clinical Relevance— It was not possible to preserve the function of the radiocarpal joint and so this technique cannot be recommended currently. Further study is needed to evaluate whether or not IORT can be considered in combination with pancarpal plating and possibly curettage and cementation of the tumor to prevent subchondral bone collapse.     

Mineralogy and petrology of comet 81P/Wild 2 nucleus samples

The bulk of the comet 81P/Wild 2 (hereafter Wild 2) samples returned to Earth by the Stardust spacecraft appear to be weakly constructed mixtures of nanometer-scale grains, with occasional much larger (over 1 micrometer) ferromagnesian silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, Fe-Ni metal, and accessory phases. The very wide range of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositions in comet Wild 2 requires a wide range of formation conditions, probably reflecting very different formation locations in the protoplanetary disk. The restricted compositional ranges of Fe-Ni sulfides, the wide range for silicates, and the absence of hydrous phases indicate that comet Wild 2 experienced little or no aqueous alteration. Less abundant Wild 2 materials include a refractory particle, whose presence appears to require radial transport in the early protoplanetary disk.     

Characterization of the mechanism of action of the fungicide fenpicoxamid and its metabolite UK‐2A

BACKGROUND

Fenpicoxamid is a new fungicide for control of Zymoseptoria tritici, and is a derivative of the natural product UK‐2A. Its mode of action and target site interactions have been investigated.

RESULTS

UK‐2A strongly inhibited cytochrome c reductase, whereas fenpicoxamid was much less active, consistent with UK‐2A being the fungicidally active species generated from fenpicoxamid by metabolism. Both compounds caused rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in Z. tritici spores. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, amino acid substitutions N31K, G37C and L198F at the Qi quinone binding site of cytochrome b reduced sensitivity to fenpicoxamid, UK‐2A and antimycin A. Activity of fenpicoxamid was not reduced by the G143A exchange responsible for strobilurin resistance. A docking pose for UK‐2A at the Qi site overlaid that of antimycin A. Activity towards Botrytis cinerea was potentiated by salicylhydroxamic acid, showing an ability of alternative respiration to mitigate activity. Fungitoxicity assays against Z. tritici field isolates showed no cross‐resistance to strobilurin, azole or benzimidazole fungicides.

CONCLUSION

Fenpicoxamid is a Qi inhibitor fungicide that provides a new mode of action for Z. tritici control. Mutational and modeling studies suggest that the active species UK‐2A binds at the Qi site in a similar, but not identical, fashion to antimycin A. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

日光温室封闭式栽培系统的设计与试验

土壤连作灾害、生产资源严重浪费和环境污染已成为日光温室生产中制约其发展的瓶颈问题,为了解决这些问题,实现节水、节肥、保护环境的目的并提高温室生产的管理水平和自动化水平,该文设计了一种日光温室封闭式栽培系统。与传统栽培管理方式不同,该系统使用基质栽培代替土栽方式,采用基质袋装或塑料薄膜完全包裹的模式,实现了与外界环境的有效隔离;使用水肥一体化营养液滴灌代替水肥分离灌溉方式,回收多余营养液并循环利用;采用无线传感器网络模式,实现了温室环境信息的自动采集和发送。试验结果表明,采用封闭式栽培比传统土栽方式番茄产量提高了11.7%,水、肥用量均节省了2%（基质不同,节省水、肥量不同）,同种基质情况下,采用封闭式栽培方式,由于营养液实现了循环利用,水、肥节省率可以达到17.2%。