Grey networks: The contradictory dimensions of Australia's immigration detention system

The notion of dark networks has recently received attention in the literature on policy network analysis. Dark networks are defined as illegal and covert, in contrast to bright networks which are legal and overt. In this article, we suggest a third category – grey networks – which are characterised by their use of secrecy and concealment despite their ostensibly legal status. These networks are subject to contradictory imperatives. They employ methods that cannot be openly acknowledged within the larger legal and social framework in which they function. In this article, we illustrate this concept through an interview‐based study of Australia's immigration detention network. This network enacts a deterrence policy which has been widely condemned as breaching Australia's obligations under international law. At the same time, it is required to maintain a façade of lawfulness and respect for human rights.     

Harvesting fodder trees in montane forests in Kenya: species,techniques used and impacts

There has been an increasing interest in fodder trees and their potential to help the rural poor. However, few studies have addressed the ecological impacts of fodder tree harvesting. We investigated the species harvested and the techniques used, and the effects of fodder harvesting on (1) species’ populations and (2) forest carbon stocks in three montane forests in Kenya. Focus-group discussions were organized in 36 villages to determine which species were harvested and with which techniques. Field observations were made on vegetation plots: stem diameter, tree height, species and extent of harvest were recorded. Carbon stocks were calculated using an allometric equation with (1) observed height of harvested trees, and (2) potential height estimated with a power model, and results were compared. Eight tree species were commonly harvested for fodder using different techniques (some branches, main stem, most branches except stem apex). Fodder harvesting (together with other uses for some species) negatively affected one species populations (Olea europaea), it did not negatively affect four (Drypetes gerrardii, Gymnosporia heterophylla, Pavetta gardeniifolia, Xymalos monospora), and more information is needed for three species (Olea capensis, Prunus africana, Rinorea convallarioides). Fodder harvesting did not significantly reduce forest carbon stocks, suggesting that local communities could continue using these fodder trees if a carbon project is established. Among the fodder species studied, X. monospora could be used in reforestation programs, as it has multiple uses and can withstand severe pruning. Although our study is only a snapshot, it is a baseline which can be used to monitor changes in fodder harvesting and its impacts related to increasing droughts in northern Kenya and increasing human populations.     

The impact of high throughput sequencing on plant health diagnostics

High throughput sequencing informed diagnostics is revolutionising plant pathology. The application of this technology is most advanced in plant virology, where it is already becoming a front-line diagnostic tool and it is envisaged that for other types of pathogen and pests this will be the case in the near future. However, there are implications to deploying this technology due to a number of technical and scientific challenges. Firstly, interpretation of data and the assessment of plant health risk against a limited baseline of existing knowledge of the presence of pathogens in a given geographic region. Secondly, evidence of causality and the separation of pathogenic from commensal organisms in the sequence data, thirdly, the tension between the generation of a rapid sequence result with the necessary but laborious epidemiological characterisation in support of plant health risk assessment. Finally, the validation and accreditation of methods based on this rapidly evolving technology. These in turn present challenges for plant health policy and regulation. This review discusses the development of this technology, its application in plant health diagnostics, and explores the implications of applying this technology in the plant health setting.