水稻抗稻瘟病菌防卫反应的细胞学分析与防卫基因表达

对水稻类病变坏死突变体 lmm1　(LmmKaty)与原亲本及双单倍体YT14和YT16接种稻瘟病菌24 h内的抗病反应、细胞学和分子作用机理进行了研究。人工接种实验表明,与原亲本相比,该突变体对稻瘟病菌具有更强的抗性。突变体接种20~24 h后,自动荧光检测到细胞死亡,而对照则未检测到。表明该突变体通过细胞程序性死亡阻止稻瘟病菌的蔓延,从而提高了抗病性。Northern blotting结果发现,抗病品系YT14中的防卫相关基因、苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因和β 葡聚糖酶基因在人工接种稻瘟病菌6 h后开始表达,16~24 h后上述基因表达量快速增加;而病程相关蛋白基因 PR 1和几丁质酶基因在人工接种稻瘟病菌24 h后才开始表达。与YT14相比,感病品系中上述基因的表达明显延迟。表明在人工接种稻瘟病菌24 h内水稻可启动抗病防卫反应,从而对稻瘟病菌产生抗性。     

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of tubulin polymerisation promoters. Part 1: pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazines

BACKGROUND: The excellent fungicidal activity of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines suggested the search for further analogues with improved properties. RESULTS: A series of novel trisubstituted pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazines has been designed and prepared as 6,6‐biheterocyclic analogues of related 5,6‐bicyclic [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against the plant pathogens Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici (Eriks.) CO Johnston (wheat brown rust), Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroter (Septoria tritici Rob., leaf spot of wheat) and Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr (Pyricularia oryzae Cav., rice blast). Structure–activity relationship studies revealed the advantage of a fluoro substituent in position 6 and of a secondary amine in position 8. CONCLUSION: 8‐Amino‐7‐aryl‐6‐halogen‐substituted pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazines have been prepared as 6,6‐biheterocyclic analogues of similarly substituted triazolopyrimidine fungicides. A concise four‐step synthesis route has been worked out to prepare these novel compounds from commercially available starting materials. [(R)‐(1,2‐Dimethylpropyl)]‐[6‐fluoro‐7‐(2,4,6‐trifluorophenyl)pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazin‐8‐yl]amine showed excellent activity against three economically important phytopathogens. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets formulated for the sub-adult mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, in Vietnam

The present study was conducted to explore the potential to incorporate local plant-based feed ingredients into diets formulated for the mud crab species, Scylla paramamosain , commonly exploited for aquaculture in South-east Asia. Four test ingredients (defatted soybean meal, rice bran, cassava meal and corn flour) were incorporated at 30% or 45% inclusion levels in a fishmeal-based reference diet and used in digestibility trials where apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for experimental diets and test ingredients were determined. Generally, high ADC values were obtained using diets containing 30% soybean meal or rice bran. By contrast, the lowest ADC values were obtained for the diet containing 45% cassava meal [70.9% for dry matter (ADMD); 77.1% for crude protein (ACPD) and 80.2% for gross energy (AGED)]. Similar trends were observed when ADC ingredient (I) digestibilities were compared. Specifically, the highest ADCI values were obtained for soybean meal when used at a 30% inclusion level (87.6% ADMDI; 98.4% ACPDI and 95.6% AGEDI) while the lowest ADCI values were obtained using cassava meal at a 45% inclusion level (53.8% ADMDI; 60.2% ACPDI and 67.3% AGEDI). Based on the current findings, we propose that soybean meal and rice bran could be considered for incorporation into formulated diets for S. paramamosain .     

Forestry opportunities in the United States to mitigate the effects of global warming

There are a variety of opportunities in the United States to expand the area of trees and forests, and to improve their growth, that could have significant impact upon the annual uptake of atmospheric CO₂. Work coordinated by the American Forestry Association has attempted to quantify those opportunities, and demonstrate what kinds of costs and benefits might result from an attempt to begin implementing them. The first section of the work, reported in this paper, has focused on the opportunities that are seldom thought of as regular forestry-planting trees on marginal crop and pasture lands, increasing windbreaks and shelterbelts, growing trees as a biomass energy source, and improving urban tree canopies and placements as an energy-conserving measure. The benefits from such work include the C sequestered in the biomass and soils involved, as well as the carbon emission reductions achieved through energy conservation. These opportunities could add up to a total C impact per year in the range of 141 to 382×10⁶t-somewhere between 10 and 30% of the current net C emission from fossil fuel in the United States. Additional work is underway to quantify the opportunities inherent in improving the management of existing forestlands, through more traditional forestry. The results of that work will be available in late 1992.     

Assessment of the prevalence of heart murmurs in overtly healthy cats

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of heart murmurs in overtly healthy cats. DESIGN: Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 103 healthy domestic cats. PROCEDURE: Background information and physical characteristics were assessed in cats that were candidates for blood donation during an 8-month period. For cats with heart murmurs, additional information collected included murmur timing, grade, point of maximal intensity, and presence of additional heart sounds. RESULTS: Heart murmurs were detected in 22 of the 103 (21%) cats. Echocardiography was performed in 7 of those 22 cats. The echocardiogram was considered normal in 1 cat; in the other 6 cats, diagnoses included hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (interventricular septal hypertrophic form [IVSH]; n = 4), left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with valvular disease (1), and equivocal IVSH (1). Thirteen cats had more than 1 examination during the study; 3 of them developed heart murmurs. There were no significant differences in age, sex, breed, coat color, eye color, or heart rate between cats with and without murmurs. Among the 103 cats, there were 6 pairs of siblings from 6 multiple-cat households and 16 cats from 7 multiple-cat households in which the cats were not related; the proportion of cats with murmurs was higher in the related cats (5/12) than in the unrelated cats (3/16), but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that heart murmurs are detectable in a large proportion of overtly healthy cats and that many murmurs appear to be caused by structural heart disease that is in a clinically latent state.     

The effects of isoflurane anaesthesia on some Doppler-derived cardiac parameters in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo)

In order to gain an initial overview of the influence of anaesthesia on the results of Doppler-derived blood flow measurements in raptors, the heart rate as well as three different sample volumes of pulsed-wave spectral Doppler-derived flow velocity (diastolic flow across the left and right atrioventricular valve, systolic flow across the aortic valve) were determined in 10 common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Measurements were taken once in conscious and once in anaesthetized birds. Anaesthesia was shown to produce significant changes in cardiac parameters recorded in the same birds whilst conscious. When comparing conscious birds with each other (with one exception for right sided ventricular inflow velocity) no correlation between the heart frequency and measured blood flow velocities was evident. This was also the case under anaesthesia. However, significant differences in these parameters were evident when comparing the results obtained before and under anaesthesia. The results suggest that the influence of anaesthesia in raptors is more than a simple reduction of heart rate and that there is also reduction in blood flow velocity.     

Interactions of xylazine and detomidine with alpha2-adrenoceptors in brain tissue from cattle,swine and rats

Xylazine is an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist sedative with a much higher interspecies variability in effect than detomidine, another alpha2-agonist used in veterinary practice. In the present study, we have used radioligand binding in brain tissue to investigate if the high species variation in sensitivity to xylazine could be explained in terms of receptor interactions. Species known to be more (cattle) or less (swine and rats) sensitive to xylazine were used. There was no variation in the density or the subtype pattern of the alpha2-adrenoceptors that could explain the species variation recorded in vivo, as a homogenous population of the alpha2A/D-subtype (200-300 fmol/mg protein) was found in all species. The species differences in the affinities of xylazine and detomidine were minor and similar for the two drugs. The only parameter investigated where a significant species difference was found for xylazine but not for detomidine was the slope of the inhibition binding curve when the G-protein coupling was diminished. For xylazine this slope was considerably lower than unity (i.e. 0.77 +/- 0.075) using cattle preparations compared with 0.92 +/- 0.037 (mean +/- SE) and 0.90 +/- 0.028, respectively for swine and rats, while for detomidine this parameter was close to unity in all species (cattle, swine, rat). This finding indicates that the species variation in effect for xylazine could be due to differences at the G-protein level or further down-stream in the effect cascade.