大枫子与马钱上的叶斑类真菌病害

报道1986～1989年在泰国大枫子、海南大枫子和印度马钱上发现的9种叶斑类真菌病害的症状、病原菌及病情、分布。9种病原菌中,大枫子褐斑病菌(Ascochyta hydnocarpi S.M.Lin et P.K.Chi)、马钱叶枯病菌(Didymosphaeria strychnoris S.M.Lin et P.K.Chi)、马钱叶斑病菌(Microsphaeropsis strychoris S.M.Lin et P.K.Chi)和马钱轮纹褐斑病菌(Mycosphaerella strychnoris S.M.Lin et P.K.Cki)是新种。     

Extensive Screening for Edible Herbal Extracts with Potent Scavenging Activity against Superoxide Anions

To search for edible herbal extracts with potent antioxidant activity, we conducted a large scale screening based on the superoxide scavenging activity. That is, scavenging activity against superoxide anions were extensively screened from ethanol extracts of approximately 1,000 kinds of herbs by applying an electron spin resonance (ESR)-spin trapping method. Among them we chose four edible herbal extracts with prominently potent ability to reduce the signal intensity of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO)-OOH, a spin adduct formed by DMPO and superoxide anion. They are the extracts from Punica granatum (Peel), Syzygium aromaticum (Bud), Mangifera indica (Kernel), and Phyllanthus emblica (Fruit), and are allowed to be used as foodstuffs according to the Japanese legal regulation. The ESR-spin trapping method coupled with steady state kinetic analysis showed that all of the four extracts directly scavenge superoxide anions, and that the superoxide scavenging potential of any of the extracts was comparable to that of L-ascorbic acid. Furthermore, polyphenol determination indicates that the activity is at least in part attributable to polyphenols. These results with such large scale screening might give useful information when choosing a potent antioxidant as a foodstuff.     

蟹塘套养与温室养殖的中华鳖雌体营养组成的比较研究

实验研究了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)池塘套养与温室养殖的中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)雌体(分别简称"套养鳖"和"温室鳖")的生物学指数,肌肉和裙边中的常规营养成分、氨基酸含量和脂肪酸组成。结果显示:(1)套养鳖裙边指数略高于温室鳖,而套养鳖肝体指数显著低于温室鳖。(2)套养鳖肌肉和裙边中的水分含量显著高于温室鳖,而两种组织中的粗蛋白含量均以温室鳖较高。(3)套养鳖肌肉和裙边中的总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量均显著低于温室鳖;除色氨酸外,温室鳖肌肉中的大部分必需氨基酸分(EAAS)高于套养鳖,而裙边中的所有EAAS均以套养鳖较高。(4)套养鳖肌肉中的C16∶0、C18∶2n6、C18∶3n6、C20∶2n6和C20∶3n3含量显著低于温室鳖,而其C16∶1、C18∶3n3、C20∶3n6和C20∶4n6含量较高;套养鳖裙边中的C18∶3n6、C20∶2n6、C20∶3n6、C20∶4n6含量显著高于温室鳖,而C18∶1n9、C18∶2n6、C18∶3n3、总n-3多不饱和脂肪酸和n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸之比均以温室鳖较高。结果表明,温室鳖肌肉和裙边的干物质含量较高,尤其是蛋白质含量,而套养鳖的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成更优。     

基于高光谱数据的水体叶绿素a指数反演模型的建立

水体叶绿素a含量是反映水体质量的重要指标之一,利用遥感技术监测其含量具有众多优势。该研究利用2012年7月在广西壮族自治区桂林市漓江流域实地采集的水体高光谱数据和实验室化验分析数据,借鉴陆表植被叶绿素a的遥感反演模型,发展了一种新的水体叶绿素a提取指数(water chlorophyll-a index,WCI)。通过与反射率敏感波段法、波段比值法和半分析方法对比分析发现,新提出的WCI指数使用650、685、696 nm波段,波段稳定,决定系数R2可达0.58,均方根误差最小为0.24,受水体悬浮物影响小,在天津海河区域的验证效果也表明了该模型可以有效地提取水体叶绿素a含量。该方法扩展了水体叶绿素a监测的建模思路,对水体叶绿素a监测建模有一定的指导作用。     

低温对早稻幼穗分化期叶片生理特性的影响及其与产量的关系

为了探讨低温("小满寒")对早稻幼穗分化期水稻叶片生理特性及产量性状的影响,本研究以30℃/25℃为对照,利用人工气候室进行试验,研究低温(22℃/17℃)下水稻叶片的生理生化变化特征,并分析其与产量之间的灰色关联度。结果表明,随低温处理时间的延长,水稻光合色素呈先上升后下降趋势,并在处理后4 d达最大值。水稻光响应曲线的最大光合速率、光饱和点及光能初始利用效率均随着低温胁迫时间的增加逐渐下降,而光补偿点则呈上升趋势。在荧光参数方面,光化学淬灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递效率(ETR)及PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)呈先下降后上升的趋势,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)则随着胁迫时间的延长于处理6 d达最大值。叶片SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,而CAT活性随着胁迫时间的延长逐渐下降。另外,水稻产量、穗长、结实率、成穗率及千粒重等均随低温处理时间的延长而减少。通过灰色关联度分析各个性状与产量之间的关联度,依次为每穗实粒穗长二次枝梗数一次枝梗数千粒重CAT活性,且其关联度均大于1。CAT活性、光能初始利用效率、光饱和点、ETR、Fv/Fm及叶绿素a/叶绿素b等生理生化指标也与产量关联度较高,可作为低温影响下产量评价与估算的指标。     

竖壁贴附送风改善冷藏库内流场特性

果蔬贮藏期间,冷藏库内的气流分布是影响果蔬贮藏品质和送风能量利用率的关键因素,合理的气流组织对冷藏库内流场分布是至关重要的。该研究以某苹果冷藏库为研究对象,采用竖壁贴附送风方式,并对其流场建立了三维稳态的SST湍流模型来研究库内流场的分布特性以及货物的冷却效果,同时与传统的冷风机直吹送风的流场特性进行了对比。结果表明：在相同送风量下,相比冷风机直吹送风方式,竖壁贴附送风使得库内温度不均匀系数和速度不均匀系数分别降低了31%和47%。而且竖壁贴附送风使库内空气与货物的换热更加充分,进而使得送风的能量利用率提高了19%。因此,竖壁贴附送风方式应用于冷藏库是一种有效且节能的气流组织方式。     

Patterns of SSR variation in bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) seeds under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing

Maintaining seed viability and germplasm integrity is a challenging task in conservation of plant genetic resources, as seeds under storage will lose viability and genetic changes will occur. Attempt was made to analyze the patterns of genetic changes in wheat germplasm under ex situ genebank storage and accelerated ageing treatments. A set of 16 naturally aged wheat accessions under ex situ genebank storage since 1994 were sampled. Four recently regenerated wheat accessions were selected, four random seed samples were chosen from each accession, and three of them were exposed to three different accelerated ageing treatments. These 32 seed samples in two germplasm sets displayed a range of germination rates from 4 to 98 %. Thirty-seven microsatellite markers representing 21 wheat chromosomes were applied to screen 12 seeds of each sample and 449 SSR alleles were scored. Large SSR variation was found in each germplasm set. There was 73.1 % of the total SSR variation present among the naturally aged samples and 78.2 % present among the accelerated ageing samples. Several analyses for genetic association consistently revealed no clear genetic separations among samples of high or low germination rates in both germplasm sets. Samples under different accelerated ageing treatments did not show much genetic differentiations from the original sample of each accession. Mantel tests revealed non-significant associations between SSR variability and sample germination rates for both germplasm sets. These findings are useful for understanding seed deterioration under different ageing conditions and suggest that genome-wide SSR variability may not provide sensitive markers for the monitoring of wheat seed viability.     

Characteristics of Nitrogen Loss through Surface-Subsurface Flow on Red Soil Slopes of Southeast China

Soil nitrogen (N) loss related to surface flow and subsurface flow (including interflow and groundwater flow) from slope lands is a global issue. A lysimetric experiment with three types of land cover (grass cover, GC; litter cover, LC; and bare land, BL) were carried out on a red soil slope land in southeast China. Total Nitrogen (TN) loss through surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow was observed under 28 natural precipitation events from 2015 to 2016. TN concentrations from subsurface flow on BL and LC plots were, on average, 2.7–8.2 and 1.5–4.4 times greater than TN concentrations from surface flow, respectively; the average concentration of TN from subsurface flow on GC was about 36–56% of that recorded from surface flow. Surface flow, interflow and groundwater flow contributed 0–15, 2–9 and 76–96%, respectively, of loss load of TN. Compared with BL, GC and LC intercepted 83–86% of TN loss through surface runoff; GC intercepted 95% of TN loss through subsurface flow while TN loss through subsurface flow on LC is 2.3 times larger than that on BL. In conclusion, subsurface flow especially groundwater flow is the dominant hydrological rout for N loss that is usually underestimated. Grass cover has the high retention of N runoff loss while litter mulch will increase N leaching loss. These findings provide scientific support to control N runoff loss from the red soil slope lands by using suitable vegetation cover and mulching techniques.     

铝胁迫下根系分泌物对栝楼光合特性及耐铝性的影响

以耐铝性较强的安国栝楼和耐铝性较弱的浦江栝楼为对比试验材料,在土培条件下探究300μmol/L和800μmol/L铝胁迫下不同浓度(30,20,10ml/株)根系分泌物对2种栝楼的生长特性、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,经过2个浓度的铝处理后,安国栝楼和浦江栝楼生长均受到一定抑制,生物量、叶绿素a/b含量、叶绿素荧光、CAT、POD、SOD酶活性均呈下降趋势,而MDA、初始荧光(F_0)呈相反的变化趋势,2种栝楼的各指标变化程度和敏感性表现出一定的差异性,表明2种栝楼的耐铝性存在差异。加入适宜浓度的根系分泌物能够促进2种栝楼的生长,提高叶绿素a、b含量以及各个荧光参数值和CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性,从而缓解了铝胁迫。较低浓度的根系分泌物可以缓解铝胁迫对栝楼的伤害;浓度过高时,2种栝楼的生长均会受到抑制,20ml/株的根系分泌物对栝楼铝胁迫的缓解作用最佳。因此,今后在红壤地区栝楼的生产种植中,可以进一步开展根系分泌物对栝楼影响机制的研究工作,为栝楼品种的推广与应用奠定基础。     

Zirconium-Modified Activated Sludge as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Phosphate Removal in Aqueous Solution

A highly effective zirconium-modified activated sludge (Zr(IV)-AS) adsorbent was prepared from activated sludge and applied to remove phosphate from aqueous solutions by batch and column experiments. Characterized results revealed that zirconium was successfully loaded onto the activated sludge (AS), and the specific surface area and pore volume were substantially improved after zirconium loading on the AS. Zr(IV)-AS exhibited a high adsorption affinity for phosphate and the maximum adsorption amount was 27.55 mg P·g^?1 at 25 °C. Adsorption isotherms of phosphate could be described by the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Phosphate adsorption on Zr(IV)-AS increased monotonically with decreasing solution pH. The presence of SO₄^2? in water resulted in slightly decreased phosphate adsorption on the adsorbent even at a high concentration (25 mmol/L), and a greater influence of HCO₃^? on adsorption could be ascribed to the increased solution pH with the addition of the HCO₃^?. Column adsorption experimental results showed that the adsorbent has excellent phosphate adsorption properties and that the effluent can meet the requirement of phosphorus in the national wastewater discharge standard of China. Phosphate-saturated Zr(IV)-AS can be effectively desorbed in 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH solution, and the regenerated adsorbent still possessed the high capacity. The adsorption between the adsorbent and the phosphate is due to the electrostatic interaction and anionic exchange at the surface of the Zr(IV)-AS. Furthermore, this approach provides a possibility of treating wastewater with waste and has the potential for industrial applications for the removal of phosphate from wastewater.