Detection of genomic DNA of the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci (Oomycete) in clinical samples by PCR

A diagnostic procedure, based on a polymerase chain reaction method (PCR) was developed to detect infection of crayfish with the Oomycete Aphanomyces astaci. A set of oligonucleotide primers was designed to specifically amplify A. astaci DNA in the ITS region surrounding the 5.8S rDNA gene. The PCR amplifies a 115 bp amplicon. The specificity of the primers was demonstrated by testing on 27 A. astaci strains and against 20 non-A. astaci Oomycetes and 5 fungal species. Most of the non-A. astaci Oomycete or fungal species included in the study are either known parasites of freshwater crayfish cuticle or can be found in their natural environment. Specificity was also tested against crayfish tissue and some known parasites and bacteria infecting crayfish.

A protocol for the extraction of A. astaci DNA from infected crayfish tissue was developed. The optimised method allows the detection of two genome equivalents of purified A. astaci genomic DNA.

The method was tested on noble crayfish (Astacus astacus), artificially infected with A. astaci. Detection of A. astaci was possible at the very first time of sampling, which was 2 days after the beginning of spore exposure.     

A mechanistic model for predicting the nutrient requirements and feed biological values for sheep

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), a mechanistic model that predicts nutrient requirements and biological values of feeds for cattle, was modified for use with sheep. Published equations were added for predicting the energy and protein requirements of sheep, with a special emphasis on dairy sheep, whose specific needs are not considered by most sheep-feeding systems. The CNCPS for cattle equations that are used to predict the supply of nutrients from each feed were modified to include new solid and liquid ruminal passage rates for sheep, and revised equations were inserted to predict metabolic fecal N. Equations were added to predict fluxes in body energy and protein reserves from BW and condition score. When evaluated with data from seven published studies (19 treatments), for which the CNCPS for sheep predicted positive ruminal N balance, the CNCPS for sheep predicted OM digestibility, which is used to predict feed ME values, with no mean bias (1.1 g/100 g of OM; P > 0.10) and a low root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE; 3.6 g/100 g of OM). Crude protein digestibility, which is used to predict N excretion, was evaluated with eight published studies (23 treatments). The model predicted CP digestibility with no mean bias (-1.9 g/100 g of CP; P > 0.10) but with a large RMSPE (7.2 g/100 g of CP). Evaluation with a data set of published studies in which the CNCPS for sheep predicted negative ruminal N balance indicated that the model tended to underpredict OM digestibility (mean bias of -3.3 g/100 g of OM, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 6.5 g/100 g of OM; n = 12) and to overpredict CP digestibility (mean bias of 2.7 g/100 g of CP, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 12.8 g/100 g of CP; n = 7). The ability of the CNCPS for sheep to predict gains and losses in shrunk BW was evaluated using data from six studies with adult sheep (13 treatments with lactating ewes and 16 with dry ewes). It accurately predicted variations in shrunk BW when diets had positive N balance (mean bias of 5.8 g/d; P > 0.10; RMSPE of 30.0 g/d; n = 15), whereas it markedly overpredicted the variations in shrunk BW when ruminal balance was negative (mean bias of 53.4 g/d, P < 0.05; RMSPE = 84.1 g/d; n = 14). These evaluations indicated that the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep can be used to predict energy and protein requirements, feed biological values, and BW gains and losses in adult sheep.     

Comparison of bupivacaine femoral and sciatic nerve block versus bupivacaine and morphine epidural for stifle surgery in dogs

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks as an alternative to epidural anesthesia and analgesia in dogs undergoing stifle surgery under general anesthesia.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized, clinical comparison.AnimalsTwenty dogs weighing 37 ± 11 (mean ± SD) kg, aged 3 (1–8) [median (minimum–maximum)] years undergoing elective unilateral tibial-plateau leveling osteotomy.MethodsDogs were assigned randomly to receive either epidural anesthesia (bupivacaine 0.5%, 0.5 mg kg^?1 + morphine 0.1%, 0.1 mg kg^?1, in 0.2 mL kg^?1; EPID) or femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (Bupivacaine 0.5%, 0.1 mL kg^?1, was administered at each site; F + S) guided by electrolocation. All patients received a standard general anesthesia technique. Pain and sedation were scored (on scales of 0–10 and 0–3, respectively) pre-operatively, at extubation, and at 1, 4 and then every 4 hours thereafter up to 24 hours. Postoperatively, hydromorphone was administered to any patient with a pain score of >5 or whenever the blinded caregiver determined that more hydromorphone was necessary. Intraoperative heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), end tidal isoflurane (FE′ISO), body temperature, post-operative pain scores, time to first hydromorphone dose after surgery, time to first feeding, time to first drinking, time to first urination, time to first ambulation (walk on a lead) and cumulative dose of hydromorphone were recorded.ResultsIntra-operatively, FE′ISO and MAP were significantly lower in the EPID group (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively). Postoperatively, the cumulative hydromorphone consumption (p = 0.04) and the incidence of urinary retention (p = 0.03) were higher in the EPID group.Conclusion and clinical relevance F + S is a practical alternative to EPID that produces less urine retention and reduces opioid consumption in the 24 hours after surgery. EPID might be associated with a lower isoflurane requirement and lower systemic blood pressure.     

Symphyseal distraction-osteotomy using a novel spacer of spirally fashioned orthopaedic wire for the management of obstipation

Three domestic shorthair cats, one male and two females, 17.6+/-6.5 months old and 3.5+/-0.4 kg body weight, were admitted with a 6.6+/-1.1 (range 6-8) month history of recurrent bouts of obstipation. Defecatory difficulties had started within a month of conservatively managed pelvic fractures. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed severe colonic distension with faeces and a narrow pelvic canal caused by malunion of the pelvic fractures. A pelvic symphyseal distraction-osteotomy (SDO) technique was performed, using a novel metal spacer of spirally fashioned orthopaedic wire. Pelvic canal enlargement allowed the insertion of an index finger into the rectum. Following this, no further episodes of obstipation occurred during a follow-up period of 1-3 years. The SDO technique may be successful for the treatment of obstipation secondary to post-traumatic pelvic canal stenosis in the cat, if the colon motility is not already permanently affected.     

Systematic Review of Brain Tumor Treatment in Dogs

Intracranial neoplasia is commonly diagnosed in dogs and can be treated by a variety of methods, but formal comparisons of treatment efficacy are currently unavailable. This review was undertaken to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding outcome after the treatment of intracranial masses in dogs, with the aim of defining optimal recommendations for owners. This review summarizes data from 794 cases in 22 previously published reports and follows PRISMA guidelines for systematic review. A Pubmed search was used to identify suitable articles. These then were analyzed for quality and interstudy variability of inclusion and exclusion criteria and the outcome data extracted for summary in graphs and tables. There was a high degree of heterogeneity among studies with respect to inclusion and exclusion criteria, definition of survival periods, and cases lost to follow‐up making comparisons among modalities troublesome. There is a need for standardized design and reporting of outcomes of treatment for brain tumors in dogs. The available data do not support lomustine as an effective treatment, but also do not show a clear difference in outcome between radiotherapy and surgery for those cases in which the choice is available.     

Artificial infection by transplantation of juvenile Fasciola worms into the abdominal cavity of rats

Rats were successfully infected with Japanese Fasciola sp. by transplantation of juvenile worms (JW) or metacercariae (MC) into the abdominal cavity. Moreover, the rat was investigated on its suitability for different experiments with liver flukes. JWs or MCs transplanted intraperitoneally (IP) matured in the bile duct of rats. Moreover, more stable infections were established by inoculation of JWs than MCs. About 3 of 10-15 JWs transplanted into the abdominal cavity of a rat matured and laid eggs in the bile duct. The mean prepatent period was 63.5 days in the JW inoculated group. EPG values were kept constant at a level of 10(2)-10(3) about 100 to 230 days after the transplantation of JWs. The life span of Japanese liver flukes was estimated to be about 400 days in rats. From these results, it was concluded that the rat is suitable for various experiments with Fasciola sp.     

Cross‐breeding performance of white leghorn and Australorp lines selected under continuous light for short interval between eggs: Full‐year egg production and efficiency of food utilisation

1. White Leghorn (LS) and Australorp (AS) lines selected for short oviposition interval and their control lines (LC and AC), together with three strains of Australian commercial layers, were evaluated for crossbreeding performance.

2. The estimates of selection effect on crossbreeding performance in lines LS and AS respectively were 3·5% and 15·2% for survivors’ egg number, ‐3·3% and ‐2·0% for average egg weight, and 4·3% and 7·4% for efficiency of food utilisation.

3. Compared to the commercial strains, the LS × AS cross was 13 to 15% higher for egg number, 7 to 10% lower for egg weight and 2 to 7% better for efficiency of food utilisation.

4. The LC × AC cross laid more but smaller eggs than the commerical strains. This raised the question of how effective conventional selection in the commercial nucleus flocks had been in improving egg number in the previous 10 years, a period when the control lines had been bred without deliberate selection.