Ectoparasites are the major causes of various types of skin lesions in small ruminants in Ethiopia

Ectoparasites are the major causes of skin lesions in animals. Clinical, skin scraping examination, and histopathological studies were conducted to identify and characterize skin lesions in small ruminants caused by ectoparasites. Mange mites, lice, sheep keds, and ticks were collected from the skin of affected animals for species identification. Skin biopsies were collected from affected part of the skin and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathology. Of 1,000 sheep and 600 goats examined, 815 (81.50%) sheep and 327 (54.5%) goats were infested with one or more types of ectoparasites. Sarcoptes scabiei var ovis, Demodex ovis, Psoroptes ovis, Bovicola ovis, Melophagus ovinus, and Amblyomma variegatum and other tick species were identified from sheep. S. scabiei var caprae, Demodex caprae, Linognathus stenopsis, and A. variegatum and other tick species were identified from goats. Gross skin lesions or defects observed on the skin include stained and ragged wool, loss of wool/hair, nodules, crusts, lichenification, and fissuring. Microscopic evaluation of H and E stained skin sections revealed lesions in the epidermal layer such as hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and melanin inconsistency on the basal cells of the epidermis. Follicular keratosis, perifolliculitis, frunculosis, perivasculitis, and aggregates of inflammatory cells (of acute and chronic type) with fibrosis were experiential in the dermal layer of the skin. Most of the skin lesions caused by ectoparasites are overlapping. Thus, ectoparasites control program should be executed to reduce skin lesions as skins are the major export commodity of the country.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptococcus uberis</Emphasis>-specific T cells are present in mammary gland secretions of cows and can be activated to kill <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. uberis</Emphasis>

The presence, phenotype and function of Streptococcus uberis-specific T cells in the mammary gland secretion (MGS) and blood of cows exposed to S. uberis were assessed. MGS T cells in the udder were purified and incubated with autologous blood monocytes as antigen-presenting cells (APC). Most cows, irrespective of prior S. uberis infection status and lactation status, were shown to have S. uberis-specific T cells both in MGS and in the blood. When cells from a subgroup of cows were studied, it was found that the S. uberis-specific T cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), but low levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10). A high percentage of responding T cells were of the CD8 ⁺ memory (CD45RO) subset. T cells from the MGS specific for S. uberis were propagated from animals during the drying off period and expanded in vitro using interleukin-2 (IL-2) and S. uberis antigens. This led to the accumulation of T cells of the CD8 ⁺ subset bearing memory cell markers (CD45A ⁻ , CD45RO ⁺ ), which released high levels of IFN-γ. Four of the five T cell lines derived from the MGS of three animals had substantial direct killing activity towards S. uberis in vitro. It is concluded that there is an emergence of S. uberis-specific bactericidal T cells in the MGS of cows after infection or environmental exposure to S. uberis. Vaccines aimed at activating and expanding this T cell population in the mammary glands of cattle may offer an avenue for the prevention of mastitis caused by S. uberis.     

浅谈与新农村建设需求相适应的高等农业教育模式的创新

社会主义新农村建设对高等农业教育提出人才需求的多样性和培养途径的多元化要求,针对要求,文中提出了"教学四要素、学习两平台、办学多途径"的高等农业教育新模式,并从教学要素的协调、培养途径的拓展、教学模式的革新和保障机制的健全等方面加以论述.     

高温降解无害化处理技术应用效果分析

国家对病害动物及动物产品无害化处理工作的要求不断提高,安全有效的无害化处理技术的应用能够有效降低疫病传播风险,有力保障动物产品安全,维护群众身体健康。本文通过对实际应用情况的分析,介绍了高温降解无害化处理技术的应用效果,以期为病害动物及动物产品无害化处理工作提供参考。     

蜂蜜中果糖含量近红外光谱试验研究

以68份蜂蜜样品为材料,利用傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术（NIR）结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）,建立了蜂蜜中果糖含量的近红外光谱数学模型,并对模型预测结果进行评价。结果表明,选择11065．36cm^-1～7857．90cm^-1波数范围内的光谱,进行SG预处理方法,用8个主成分建立的蜂蜜果糖含量模型效果最好,模型相关系数、校正均方差和预测均方差分别为0．9259、1．21和1．64。该方法具有快速、准确、成本低等特点。     

γ-氨基丁酸对夏季生长肥育猪血清生化指标的影响

将48头体重43kg左右的"杜×长×大"三元杂交猪随机分成两组,饲喂在基础日粮中添加0、10mg/kgGABA的日粮。结果表明:添加GABA使血清中钙、磷、钾、氯4种无机离子浓度提高,差异不显著(P>0.05);总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮水平有提高趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05),葡萄糖水平提高13.29%,差异显著(P<0.05);丙氨酸转氨酶、天门冬氨酸转氨酶活性上升,差异不显著(P>0.05),乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸磷酸激酶活性分别下降16.93%(P<0.05)、38.22%(P<0.01);谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均有上升,其中GSH-Px差异极显著(P<0.01),丙二醛含量下降(P>0.05)。     

动物疫病区域化管理的新模式——生物安全隔离区划

2003年,OIE提出了动物疫病区域化政策的新理念——生物安全隔离区划(Compartmentalisation),即通过采取生物安全管理控制措施等手段,建设基于企业水平的无疫生物安全隔离区。从2004年起,OIE先后在《陆生动物卫生法典》和《OIE公告》中提出了定义、评价和确认生物安全隔离区的原则、要素和步骤建议,为世界各国开展生物安全隔离区建设评估工作提供了方向性指导。虽然生物安全隔离区划的概念提出时间较短,但作为一种全新的动物疫病区域化管理模式,生物安全隔离区划已经引起了世界范围的广泛关注,美国、泰国等畜牧业发达国家均在积极研究探索生物安全隔离区建设评估的模式。     

Cryptosporidiosis in buffalo calves (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bubalus bubalis</Emphasis>): Prevalence and potential risk factors

The objective of the present study was to describe the prevalence and risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis in buffalo calves in Middle Egypt. During one year, 458 fecal samples were collected from buffalo calves less than 3 month age in 55 small scale herds and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Data describing age, gender, season, and herd management practices were gathered to assess potential risk factors. Fecal examination showed that 14.19% of the examined calves were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Calves at 1-15 days were at the highest risk (P < 0.001), and a significant relationship between season and infection (P < 0.05) was recorded. A significant association between infection and hygiene (P < 0.001), type of floor (P < 0.01) and source of water (P < 0.01) was also recorded. Statistical analysis concerning the clinical signs and fecal characteristics revealed a significant association with fecal consistency (P < 0.001), presence of blood (P < 0.01) and mucous (P < 0.01). Moreover, a significant association was found between infection and the desire for suckling (P < 0.05) and tenesmus (P < 0.05). The results of the present study demonstrated the strong relation between infections by Cryptosporidium spp. and diarrhea in buffalo calves.     

鲁北滨海地区引种豆科牧草的灰色关联度分析

试验在鲁北滨海地区对经一般观察后初步入选的１４种豆科牧草进行了观察，并采用灰色关联度分析法以干草产量、鲜草产量、繁殖系数、折干率、叶量率、生长速度为主要指标进行综合评价。结果表明：综合性状最好的豆科牧草是草木樨属牧草，其中白花草木樨尤为突出；其次为沙打旺和美国苜蓿，也是适于鲁北滨海地区种植的豆科牧草。     

克伦特罗缓释药囊的制备,体外释药及对育肥猪生产性能的影响

选用可生物降的白氨酸，谷氨酸甲酯，谷氨酸三元聚物制成克伦特罗缓释药囊。体外释药研究所表明，药囊能保持长期缓慢恒速释药，释药速率随取合物中谷氨酸含量增多而增大，其中ＰＬＭＧＧ－２５的克伦特罗药囊释药时间为８０ｄ、稳态后每天释药量平均为１．２３ｍｇ／ｄ。