昆虫免疫及五种重要入侵昆虫免疫机制研究进展

我国入侵昆虫种类繁多、为害范围广,在植物检疫与入侵生物学领域备受关注。昆虫免疫是指昆虫识别"自己"和"异己"成分、破坏或排斥外来有害物质,从而维持自身健康并延长寿命的反应机制,在入侵昆虫的传入、定殖和为害过程中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了模式昆虫黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的免疫机制,并在此基础上分析了5种代表性入侵昆虫红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Oliver)、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)、意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera lingustica Spinola、日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green和舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar(L.)的免疫机制以及该机制在其生物入侵过程中发挥的作用,提出了加强重要入侵昆虫免疫机制研究的展望,一方面要加强研究更多种入侵昆虫的免疫机制,另一方面应将关注点逐步从免疫现象的发现深入至分子机制。     

基于多参数耦合的蓄冷温控箱冷板对流换热参数优化

蓄冷温控箱利用低温相变材料储存冷量,通过缓慢释放调节并保持箱内温度,目前仍存在冷量释放速率无法控制、剩余冷量预测难等问题,而蓄冷板表面对流换热系数直接影响冷量的释放速率。针对以上问题,搭建了蓄冷板表面对流换热系数测量试验平台,研究不同环境及蓄冷板参数对表面对流换热系数的影响。采用二次回归正交试验设计方案,探究了蓄冷区进口空气流速、进口空气温度、蓄冷板传热面积以及蓄冷板间距对表面对流换热系数的影响,并对结果进行分析,建立了表面对流换热系数二阶预测模型,获得影响表面对流换热系数大小较显著的因素及较优的参数组合。试验结果表明：各因素间存在明显交互作用,进口空气温度和蓄冷板传热面积的交互效应最大;通过响应曲面法建立的表面对流换热系数预测模型,得到最优参数组合为：进口空气流速4 m/s,进口空气温度25 ℃,蓄冷板传热面积0.455 m2,蓄冷板间距0.04 m,R2值为0.927 4,变异系数CV为5.78%。回归模型计算结果与试验结果吻合,最大误差为3.58%,平均相对误差为2.69%,表明该模型可以快速、准确地预测不同条件下的蓄冷板表面对流换热系数。试验结果为蓄冷温控箱冷量释放速率精准调控及剩余冷量预测提供参考。     

国外农业航空静电喷雾技术研究进展与借鉴

农业航空静电喷雾技术作为中国发展精准农业航空应用技术的内容之一,对农药的有效利用和减少环境污染有积极意义.农业航空静电喷雾技术在国外发展较早也相对成熟,美国已有应用于有人机的商业化产品,并在美国、巴西等国各类粮食作物、经济作物和杂草防治作业中开展了大规模田间应用.该研究首先从基础研究、田间应用和优化工作等方面梳理了国外...     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

Reproductive performance,survival and development of nauplii and copepodites,sex ratio and adult life expectancy of the harpacticoid copepod,Euterpina acutifrons,fed different microalgal diets

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on the harpacticoid copepod, Euterpina acutifrons, to assess the influence of 10 different microalgal diets (four monoalgal and six mixed algal diets) on several parameters related to its productivity in culture. The four monoalgal diets were the Tahitian strain of Isochrysis sp. (T‐Iso), Pavlova salina (Pav), Tetraselmis chuii (Tet) and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Chaet), the five binary diets were T‐Iso+Tet, Pav+Tet, T‐Iso+Pav, Tet+Chaet and Pav+Chaet, while the tri‐algal diet was T‐Iso+Tet+Pav. All diets were fed to copepods at 1500 μ gC L^?1 and in the case of binary or trialgal diets, carbon concentration was divided equally between the two or three algae offered. Among monoalgal diets, the diatom Chaet was excellent for E. acutifrons. Out of the 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet, which contained the diatom Chaet, was the best for naupliar production of single pair E. acutifrons (19.5±1.7 nauplii female^?1 day^?1), significantly (P<0.05) higher than all other treatments except for the Chaet treatment (P>0.05). Similarly, in the group naupliar production trial (50 adult E. acutifrons per replicate), Tet+Chaet produced a significantly higher number of nauplii (405.8±18.6 nauplii day^?1) than the other treatments (P<0.05). Tet+Chaet further supported the highest naupliar survival (82.0±2.8%) and copepodite survival (89.0±2.8%), while the mono‐algal diet Chaet produced the second highest naupliar (76.7±2.6%) and copepodite survival (83.5±2.6%). In contrast, Pav produced the lowest overall survival at the naupliar stage (30.0±2.9%), significantly lower than all other treatments (P<0.05). While development from newly hatched nauplii to copepodites was not significantly affected by diets, mean development time from nauplius to adult was significantly different among treatments. Mean development time from hatching (naupliar I stage; NI) to the adult stage was the fastest with Tet+Chaet and Chaet (6.8±0.0 days for both treatments), which was significantly faster than that of Pav, T‐Iso Pav+Tet and T‐Iso+Pav+Te treatment (P<0.05). E. acutifrons sex ratio was significantly affected by diets, and always skewed in favour of males. Feeding on Pav resulted in the lowest proportion of females (23.7±1.2%), significantly lower than for six of the other treatments (P<0.05). Adult females had longer average life expectancy than males for all treatments, and were the longest when fed Tet+Chaet (9.5±0.4 days), which was more than twice as long as the shortest lifespan recorded for the Pav treatment (4.2±0.6 days) (P<0.05). In summary, among 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet appeared to support the highest culture productivity of E. acutifrons while the diatom Chaet also performed well as a monoalgal diet.     

鲤鱼人工孵化过程中鱼苗气泡病病因分析

水利部汉江水利水电 (集团 )有限公司后勤服务中心渔业场座落在湖北省丹江口水库 ,以网箱养鲤为主 ,苗种繁育基地以养殖鲤寸片为主 ,满足网箱养殖需要。 1 998年鲤鱼人工孵化过程中鱼苗患气泡病 ,造成鱼苗大量死亡。 1 999年鲤鱼人工孵化 ,采取有效措施 ,制止了鱼苗气泡病的再次发生。现就两年繁殖情况对气泡病病因进行分析。1　基本情况1 1　孵化设施条件鱼种池、亲鱼池及孵化设施建在邻近丹江口水库羊山山头上 ,池与池之间呈阶梯式 ,水源用水泵从丹江口水库提取水。产卵池为圆形、直径 1 0ｍ。孵化环道为椭圆形底冲式 ,共二环 ,内环体积…     

3种淡水鱼肌肉脂质的组成及营养评价

以拉萨河拉萨裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis younghusbandi)、拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni)、双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon)为材料,研究了其肌肉中脂质的组成和含量。结果显示:10种含量最丰富的脂肪酸分别是饱和脂肪酸16∶0和18∶0;单不饱和和脂肪酸16∶1n-9、18∶1n-9和18∶1n-7;n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸20∶5n-3,22∶5n-3和22∶6n-3和n-6型多不饱和脂肪酸18∶2n-6和20∶4n-6。结果表明拉萨河鱼类的脂肪酸模型跟深海鱼类相似,而且n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸的含量相对较高。     

鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）胚胎发育与水温和盐度的关系

实验结果表明，鳗鲡胚胎发育与水温和盐度关系密切，在一定的水温范围内，胚胎发育所需时间与水温呈负相关关系，ｙ＝２４６．７７５ｅ＾－０．０８２ｘ。其合适水温范围是２０－２６℃，临界水温上限３０℃，下限１６℃；胚胎发育的合适盐度范围是１５－３５‰，临界盐度上限４０－４５‰，下限５－１０‰。胚胎孵化率与盐度呈二次曲线相关关系，ｙ＝３６．９３＋０．２３ｘ－０．１９ｘ＾２。     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

牧场土壤含水率与坚实度空间变异与相关性分

利用土壤水分/圆锥指数复合测量装置,应用精细农作技术体系网格定点测量与GPS定位,在一块面积约1.27 hm2的草地上获取了土壤含水率与坚实度空间分布基础数据,并针对采样过程中出现的数据缺失,用偏最小二乘法对数据进行修补.然后运用克里格插值法进行数字化成图,并在此基础上分别对含水率与坚实度的空间变异性及两者的相关性做了分析.