γ-氨基丁酸的生理功能和研究进展

综述γ-氨基丁酸的生理功能及其研究开发进展,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

Effects of Dietary Protein and Feeding Rate on Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Production, Composition of Gain, Processing Yield, and Water Quality

A 2 ± 4 factorial experiment was conducted to examine effects of dietary protein level (28, 32, 36, and 40%) and feeding rate (satiation or ± 90 kg/ha per d) on production characteristics, processing yield, body composition, and water quality for pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fingerling channel catfish with a mean weight of 64 g/fish were stocked into 40 0.04-ha ponds at a rate of 17,290 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation or at a rate of ± 90 kg/ha per d for 134 d during the growing season. Dietary protein concentration had no effect on feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion, survival, aeration time, or on fillet moisture, protein, and fat levels. Fish fed to satiation consumed more feed, gained more weight, had a higher feed conversion, and required more aeration time than fish fed a restricted ration. Visceral fat decreased, and fillet yield increased as dietary protein concentration increased to 36%. Carcass yield was lower for fish fed a diet containing 28% protein. Increasing feeding rate increased visceral fat but had no major effect on carcass, fillet, and nugget yields. Fish fed to satiation contained less moisture and more fat in the fillets that those fed a restricted ration. Nitrogenous waste compounds were generally higher where the fish were fed the higher protein diets. Although there was a significant interaction in pond water chemical oxygen demand between dietary protein and feeding rate, generally ponds in the satiation feeding group had higher chemical oxygen demand than ponds in the restricted feeding group. There was a trend that pond water total phosphorus levels were slightly elevated in the satiation feeding group compared to the restricted feeding group. However, pond water soluble reactive phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were not affected by either diet or feeding rate. Results from the present study indicate that a 28% protein diet provides the same level of channel catfish production as a 40% protein diet even when diet is restricted to 90 kg/ha per d. Although there was an increase in nitrogenous wastes in ponds where fish were fed high protein diets, there was little effect on fish production. The long term effects of using high protein diets on water quality are still unclear. Feeding to less than satiety may be beneficial in improving feed efficiency and water quality.     

Effect of Dietary Protein Concentration and Stocking Density on Production Characteristics of Pond-Raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Diets containing 28% and 32% crude protein were compared for pond‐raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus stocked at densities of 14,820, 29,640, or 44,460 fish/ha. Fingerling channel catfish with average initial weight of 48.5 g/fish were stocked into 30 0.04‐ha ponds. Five ponds were randomly allotted for each dietary protein ± stocking density combination. Fish were fed once daily to satiation for two growing seasons. There were no interactions between dietary protein concentration and stocking density for any variables. Dietary protein concentrations (28% or 32%) did not affect net production, feed consumption and weight gain per fish, feed conversion ratio, survival, processing yields, fillet moisture, protein and ash concentrations, or pond water ammonia and nitrite concentrations. Fish fed the 32% protein diet had slightly but significantly lower levels of visceral and fillet fat than fish fed the 28% protein diet. As stocking density increased, net production increased, while weight gain of individual fish, feed efficiency, and survival decreased. Stocking densities did not affect processing yield and fillet composition of the fish. Although highly variable among different ponds and weekly measurements, ponds stocked at the highest density exhibited higher average levels of total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite‐nitrogen (NO₂‐N) than ponds stocked at lower densities. However, stocking density had no significant effect on un‐ionized ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₃‐N) concentrations, calculated based on water temperature, pH, and TAN. By comparing to the reported critical concentration, a threshold below which is considered not harmful to the fish, these potentially toxic nitrogenous compounds in the pond water were generally in the range acceptable for channel catfish. It appears that a 28% protein diet can provide equivalent net production, feed efficiency, and processing yields as a 32% protein diet for channel catfish raised in ponds from advanced fingerlings to marketable size at densities varying from 14,820 to 44,460 fish/ha under single‐batch cropping systems. Optimum dietary protein concentration for pond‐raised channel catfish does not appear to be affected by stocking density.     

山西省2012年蔬菜农药残留监测结果分析

本文通过对2012年山西省蔬菜农药残留监测结果的分析,找出造成山西蔬菜农药残留问题原因,并针对性的提出了解决问题的对策,为蔬菜生产提供依据。     

Channel Catfish Polyculture with Fathead Minnows or Threadfin Shad: Effects on Pond Plankton Communities and Catfish Fillet Flavor,Color, and Fatty Acid Composition

Threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, or fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were co‐cultured with channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in earthen ponds to determine the effects of planktivory on plankton community dynamics and catfish fillet quality. Fathead minnows had no effect on the plankton community structure or catfish fillet flavor, color, and fatty acid composition. Fillet color was also unaffected by the presence of threadfin shad. Small differences were found in fillet fatty acid composition for catfish from ponds with shad, but these differences probably have no biological significance. Threadfin shad did, however, have important impacts on the plankton community structure and catfish flavor. Size‐selective filter‐feeding by shad reduced cyanobacterial abundance relative to ponds with catfish‐only and fathead minnows. Relative abundance of smaller phytoplankton in the groups Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyta increased in ponds with shad. Relative abundance of small zooplankton (rotifers) also increased in shad ponds. Reduced abundance of large, colonial cyanobacteria that are known to produce odorous metabolites caused a corresponding reduction in off‐flavor prevalence and intensity in catfish from ponds with threadfin shad when sampled in September. Although threadfin shad dramatically reduced catfish off‐flavor prevalence during the warm season, they apparently caused a high prevalence of “fishy” off‐flavors in the February sample. This undesirable flavor appeared to be caused by catfish foraging on shad killed during a preceding period of exceptionally cold water temperatures. Use of threadfin shad for phytoplankton biomanipulation therefore presents a dilemma: catfish–shad polyculture reduces prevalence of cyanobacteria‐related off‐flavors in warm months but may cause undesirable forage‐related off‐flavors in the colder months. Catfish farmers must consider these benefits and risks when deciding to use threadfin shad as a management tool.     

内蒙古阿拉善荒漠灌木适应多样性

本文通过对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠灌木叶的形态类型、果实类型、水分生态型进行统计,并且对沙冬青(Am-mopiptanthus mongolicus)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、红沙(Reaumuria soonorica)、阿拉善沙拐枣(Calligonum alas-chanicum)、膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalsetina)等灌木种子萌发时的水分利用效率进行测定。结果表明:阿拉善荒漠灌木叶的形态类型以正常叶为主,占72.29%,变态叶次之,占27.74%(其中膜质叶占7.43%,肉质叶占10.81%,针刺叶占9.5%)。在11种果实类型中,以蒴果、瘦果居多,分别占17.6%和19.6%。其次为胞果、蓇葖果、浆果,分别占10.1%、9.5%、9.5%。在水分生态型中,以旱生灌木为主,占37.2%;其次为中生和强旱生灌木,分别占2.3%和16.9%。灌木种子萌发时的水分利用效率不同。沙冬青对水的响应慢,敏感程度低。梭梭对水的响应快,敏感程度高。红沙、阿拉善沙拐枣、膜果麻黄对水的敏感程度介于沙冬青和梭梭之间。由此可见,阿拉善荒漠灌木对环境的适应主要表现为:叶为膜质叶、肉质叶、针刺叶;果实以干果为主;水分生态型以旱生为主,灌木种子的水分利用效率方式多样性。     

Apparent digestibility of alternative plant‐protein feedstuffs for channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

A study was conducted with channel catfish, Ictalurus puntatus to determine apparent digestibility/availability coefficients of protein, amino acids, lipid and energy for alternative plant‐protein feedstuffs: corn gluten feed, corn germ meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and canola meal, compared with those for soybean meal. A 32%‐protein, chemically defined diet containing 8% fish meal was used as the reference diet. Test diets consisted of 70:30 ratio of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (0.75% of the diet) as an inert indicator. Apparent digestibility/availability coefficients of protein, essential amino acids and energy in alternative protein feedstuffs tested were generally lower than those in soybean meal by channel catfish. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein ranged from 75 to 87% and those of energy ranged from 52 to 59% for alternative feedstuffs. Lysine in alternative feedstuffs was 67–79%, methionine was 69–85% and cystine was 73–82% available to channel catfish. There were no significant differences in lipid ADCs among test feedstuffs (91.9–96.8%). Results from the present study can be useful in formulating cost‐effective catfish feeds using these alternative feedstuffs.     

Effect of Dietary Total Protein and Animal Protein on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Juvenile Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and Their Response to Edwardsiella ictaluri Challenge

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary total protein and animal protein source and concentration on growth and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctutus and their response to Edwardsiellu ictuluri challenge. Eight diets evaluated were: three diets containing either 28, 32, or 36% crude protein with 6% menhaden fish meal and 6% meat and bonehlood meal and five diets containing 32% crude protein with either no animal protein, 68 or 12% menhaden fish meal, or 6% or 12% meat and bonehlood meal, respectively. Twenty channel catfish with an average weight of 6.6 g/fish were stocked into each of forty 110-L flow-through aquaria (five aquaridtreatment). Fish were fed to approximate satiation twice daily for 9 wk. Fish in each tank were then exposed to E. ictaluri . There were no differences in feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival before and after challenge among fish fed diets containing 28, 32, or 36% protein with 6% menhaden fish meal and 6% meat and bone/ blood meal. Fish fed a 32% all-plant protein diet had weight gain and feed efficiency similar to fish fed diets containing 12% menhaden fish meal, but had a higher weight gain than fish fed a 32% protein diet containing 6% meat and bonehlood meal. No significant differences were observed in survival after E. ictuluri challenge among fish fed diets containing the various levels of animal proteins. Results indicate that dietary protein levels varying from 28% to 36% do not appear to affect growth, feed efficiency. and E. icraluri resistance or susceptibility in fingerling channel cattish fed to satiation and raised from approximately 7 to 56 g under laboratory conditions. Data also demonstrate that a 32% all-plant protein diet can be fed to small fingerling channel catfish without adversely affecting growth, feed efficiency, or resistance to E. ictuluri .     

Comparison of Growth, Processing Yield, and Body Composition of USDA103 and Mississippi "Normal" Strains of Channel Catfish Fed Diets Containing Three Concentrations of Protein

Abstract.— This study evaluated the effects of dietary protein concentration (26, 28, and 32%) on growth. feed efficiency, processing yield, and body composition of USDA103 and Mississippi "normal" (MN) strains of channel catfish raised in ponds. Fin-gerling channel catfish (average weight = 32.5 and 47.3 g/fish for USDA103 and MN strains, respectively) were stocked into 24 0.04-ha ponds (12 ponds/ strain) at a density of 18,530 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation from May to October 1999. There were no interactions between fish strain and dietary protein concentration for any parameters measured. Regardless of dietary protein concentrations, the USDA103 strain consumed more feed and gained more weight than the MN strain. There were no differences in feed conversion ratio (FCR) or survival between the two strains. Feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, and survival were not affected by dietary protein concentration. The USDA103 strain exhibited a lower level of visceral fat, a higher carcass yield, a lower level of fillet moisture, and a higher level of fillet fat than the MN strain. Regardless of fish strains, fish fed the 32% protein diet had a lower level of visceral fat and a higher fillet yield than fish fed the 26% protein diet. Fish fed the 32% protein diet were also higher in carcass yield as compared to those fed the 28% protein diet. Fillet moisture, protein, and fat concentrations were not affected by dietary protein concentration. Results from this study indicate that the USDA103 strain of channel catfish appears to possess superior traits in growth characteristics compared with the MN strain that is currently cultured commercially. Both strains appear to have the same dietary protein requirement.     

灌服黄芪多糖对奶牛产奶量、免疫性能及抗氧化性能的影响

【目的】研究黄芪多糖(APS)对奶牛产奶量、免疫功能及抗氧化性能的影响。【方法】选取体况良好,体重、产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次接近的中国荷斯坦奶牛44头,随机分为对照组(CK)及APS20、APS55和APS90组,每组11头。所有试验牛均饲喂基础饲粮。对照组灌服温水200 mL,试验组分别灌服20、55、和90 g/d的APS溶液200 mL,预试期10 d,正试期60 d。正试期内,每10 d统计1次产奶量;于正试期的第0、30、60天采集乳样,测定乳中体细胞数(SCC);于正试期第0、30、60天晨饲前,采集奶牛尾根静脉血样,测定血清中相关免疫指标、抗氧化指标。【结果】在试验全期,各组产奶量均差异不显著(P>0.05)。在体细胞数方面,与CK组相比,第30和60天时,APS55组体细胞评分(SCS)均显著降低(P<0.05),APS20和APS90组SCS在各时间点均差异不显著(P>0.05),且APS90组极显著高于APS55组(P<0.01)。在免疫指标方面,与CK组相比,第30天时,APS20组血清中白细胞介素2(IL-2)含量显著增加(P<0.0...