Isolation and Identification of Enterococcus faecalis from Fur-bearing Animals

In order to obtain Enterococcus faecalis from fur animals and evaluate its prebiotic properties,in this study,Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from the feces of healthy adult fur-bearing animals (mink,fox,raccoon dog),identified by morphological observation,biochemical test and 16S rRNA sequence analysis.The growth curve,acid production capacity and antibiotic sensitivity of the Enterococcus faecalis isolates were measured to evaluate their probiotic properties.Some strains were selected to determine their tolerance to temperature,artificial gastric juice and artificial bile salt.The results showed that five strains were Gram-positive,and their biochemical characteristics were basically consistent with the standard strains of Enterococcus faecalis,and they were identified as Enterococcus faecalis by 16S rRNA sequence analysis.The five strains all entered the logarithmic phase at 2 h after culture,and entered the stable phase at 8-10 h,and had weak acid production capacity.The resistance rate of the isolates to tetracycline and levofloxacin was 100%,followed by penicillin (80%),erythromycin (80%),gentamicin (80%) and chloramphenicol (40%).All the isolates were sensitive to ampicillin and vancomycin.Enterococcus faecalis from mink,fox and raccoon dog had strong tolerance to temperature below 60 ℃,artificial gastric juice with pH>3.0 and 0.3%-0.5% concentration of bile salt,but poor tolerance to temperature above 70 ℃,and artificial gastric juice with pH<3.0.In conclusion,five strains of Enterococcus faecalis from fur animals (mink,fox,raccoon dog) were obtained in this study.The isolated strains propagated rapidly,which were suitable for colonization and played a prebiotic role in fur animals' intestines,and had good prebiotic characteristics and stress resistance.They could be used as candidate strains for animal microbiological agents for further study.     

Oral administration recombinant porcine epidermal growth factor enhances the jejunal digestive enzyme genes expression and activity of early-weaned piglets

This study attempted to determine ingested porcine epidermal growth factor (pEGF) on the gastrointestinal tract development of early-weaned piglets. Thirty-two piglets (14-day weaned) were randomly allotted to supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg pEGF/kg diet. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with two pigs per pen for a 14 days experimental period. Piglets were sacrificed and gastrointestinal tract samples were collected to measure mucosa morphology, mRNA expression and activities of digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets at the end of the experiment. Diets supplemented with pEGF failed to influence growth performance but tended to increase jejunal mucosa weight (p < 0.09) and protein content (p < 0.07). Piglets supplemental pEGF induced incrementally the gastric pepsin activity (p < 0.05) and stimulated jejunal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactase activities accompanied with the increase of jejunal ALP and maltase mRNA expression. No effect of pEGF on the activities of all enzymes in ileum except the stimulation of ileal aminopeptide N mRNA expression. These results reveal that dietary pEGF supplementation might enhance gene expression and activities of digestive enzymes in the stomach and jejunum of piglets.     

柠檬酸、Nisin-檬酸联合对三种常见水产病原菌的作用

选用嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、荧光假单胞菌三种常见水产病原菌，用于测定柠檬酸的抑菌效果及最小抑菌浓度，并研究了柠檬酸抑菌作用的稳定性。三种菌均为革兰氏阴性菌。试验结果表明，柠檬酸对三种菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用，并得到最小抑菌浓度，依次是：0．0011g／mL，0．0008g／mL，0．00125g／mL；在最小浓度下抑菌作用可达6d之久，柠檬酸抑菌效果有一定的稳定性。将Nisin溶于0．00125g／mL，得到复合液的抑菌效果强于柠檬裴单独作用，且稳定性增强。     

The diving behaviour of little penguins in Western Australia predisposes them to risk of injury by watercraft

1. The most western little penguin colony globally, and the most northern in Western Australia (WA) is found on Penguin Island, WA. The penguins use coastal bays that are also used extensively by recreational watercraft. These penguins have been found to either dive predominantly to shallow depths of 1–5 m or to depths >8 m. It is thus hypothesized that (a) both the shallow and deeper diving penguins can potentially be disturbed or injured by these watercraft but that the risk will differ between the two diving strategies, and (b) that risk of injury for both is greater during the summer and autumn, when people are more likely to use watercraft.
2. This was tested by attaching data loggers to little penguins during chick rearing and by investigating necropsy records. Diving activity was studied for the very shallow and relatively deeper diving penguins separately, and we considered the penguins were vulnerable to interactions with watercraft when they were within the top 2 m of the water column or at the surface.
3. Shallow‐diving penguins executed >1,200 dives per day, 64% of dives occurred within the top 2 m, and they were vulnerable for approximately two‐thirds of their time at sea. The deeper diving penguins executed fewer dives. Almost half of dives were to ≥10 m, yet they were vulnerable for almost one‐third of their time at sea. Their post‐dive recovery was also longer. Thus, the risk of interaction from watercraft differs depending on the diving behaviour.
4. This study highlights the potential impact to little penguins throughout Australia and New Zealand.

     

Evaluation of dietary chitosan effects on growth performance,immunity, body composition and histopathology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as the resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae infection

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary chitosan supplementation on growth performance, body composition, immune response and histopathology of Nile tilapia, and also the in vitro antibacterial activity of chitosan against Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae). About 180 fish (average body weight 39.3 ± 0.3 g) were randomly divided into three groups according to chitosan supplementation: control group (basal diet without chitosan), Ch3 group (3 g chitosan/kg diet) and Ch5 group (5 g chitosan/kg diet). Growth performance parameters and body proximate composition were measured before infection but biochemical parameters and lysozyme and antibacterial activities before and after experimental infection. Results of the present investigation showed dietary chitosan (5 g chitosan/kg diet) significantly (p < .05) improved growth performance parameters, body composition (dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, and carbohydrate) and serum biochemistry (total protein, albumin, globulin, with no effect on AST, ALT, urea and creatinine) before infection in Ch5 group than the control. After infection, liver enzymes (serum AST and ALT) were maintained lower in fish fed Ch3 or Ch5 than the control. Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activities significantly increased (p < .05) in chitosan groups before and after the challenge. The mortality rate was markedly reduced in the Ch3 group and prohibited in the Ch5 group after the experimental infection. In conclusion, feeding 3 or 5 g chitosan/kg diet increased the growth rate and improved FCR of Nile tilapia. In addition, it reduced mortality by its antibacterial and immunostimulant effects.     

Enhancing rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus population growth with commercial probiotics

The effect of a commercial probiotic (NanoCrusta, Altacrusta, Mexico City, Mexico) on the growth performance of Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766, was evaluated. In a first approach, probiotics were supplied in four densities (2.0 × 10³, 1.1 × 10⁵, 2.1 × 10⁵ and 2.1 × 10⁶ cells/ml), alone and in combination with Chlorella vulgaris (1 × 10⁶ cells/ml). The test rotifer did not grow on the probiotic alone. However, when probiotics + C. vulgaris were added, the maximum densities (D_max; ind/ml) and population growth rates (r) observed were higher. In the second experiment, probiotics were supplied at five higher densities (2.1 × 10⁶, 4.2 × 10⁶, 8.5 × 10⁶, 1.7 × 10⁷ and 3.4 × 10⁷ cells/ml) with C. vulgaris and a control treatment with only C. vulgaris (probiotic‐free). Treatments supplied with probiotics between 2.1 × 10⁶ and 1.7 × 10⁷ cells/ml showed significantly higher D_max and r than the control treatment. The results showed a positive effect of probiotic bacteria when supplied with C. vulgaris. The best outcome showed a D_max 2.16 times and an r 1.63 times higher than the density of the control treatment. Growth rates were higher in the treatments with probiotics compared to the control. We conclude that application of NanoCrusta is feasible to improve B. calyciflorus production, but the effects need to be tested in larger scales.     

红海苏丹沿岸渔场的调查与分析

本文系烟台海洋渔业公司于2000～2001年派出的两艘船对苏丹沿岸渔业资源的调查报告,着重对苏丹渔场的渔业资源、海洋环境等进行分析。结果表明：苏丹沿海渔场可供开发利用的经济鱼、虾品种资源数量有限,渔场底质结构复杂多样,工业化捕捞船队投入生产没有多大的商业开发价值。     

海河流域畜禽养殖污染负荷研究

建立畜禽养殖输出系数模型,从省级行政区和水资源3级区两个层面分别估算了2007年海河流域畜禽养殖污染物产生量、排放量和入河量以及各省和各3级区所占的比例.结果表明,2007年全流域畜禽养殖产生污染物COD 534.69万t、BOD 459.47万t、NH3-N 45.42万t、总氮116.53万t、总磷37.16万t、污水41 672.73万t;排放污染物COD 36万t、NH3-N 2.88万t、总氮4.15万t、总磷0.55万t;入河污染物COD 7.2万t、NH3-N 0.58万t、总氮0.83万t、总磷0.11万t.从各省来看,河北省所占比例最大,产生量占全流域的51%,排放量和入河量分别占54.4%;从水资源3级区来看,徒骇马颊河平原所占比例最大,产生量占全流域的23.7%,排放量和入河量分别占18.66%.     

南亚热带不同人工林对土壤理化性质的影响及土壤质量评价

目的 探讨相同立地条件下的不同人工林对土壤理化性质的影响,为实现人工林养分的精确调控和可持续经营提供科学依据。 方法 选取在柳州沙塘林场马尾松采伐迹地上同为1987年营造的木荷、米老排、蓝果树和杉木人工纯林为研究对象,以未造林灌草地为对照,分层（0～15、15～30、30～50、50～70、70～100 cm）测定14个土壤理化性质指标,结合KMO和Bartlett球形度检验,采用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行综合评价。 结果 同种林分内,随土层加深,土壤密度递增,孔隙度、土壤有机碳、全N、碱解N、有效P含量递减。不同林分间各土壤理化性质差异明显,5种林地的土壤pH值变幅为3.94～5.12;土壤有机碳、全N、碱解N、有效P含量以及化学计量特征C:N、C:P、N:P比值均表现为：阔叶林>针叶林>灌草地;杉木林土壤的全P含量在所有林分中最低,杉木林生长可能消耗更多的磷元素;与对照灌草地相比,营造这4种人工林后使土壤全K含量明显减少,速效K（除米老排林外）也有相似规律,这种变化规律暗示了人工林对K元素的消耗量大;木荷林和杉木林土壤的pH值、全K、速效K及阳离子交换量的含量明显低于其它林分和灌草地。土壤综合质量根据主成分得分依次为：米老排林 >蓝果树林 >木荷林 >灌草地 >杉木林。 结论 （1）人工阔叶林比针叶林能更有效地积累土壤有机碳、N和P等养分,并能明显地优化土壤密度和孔隙度,在今后的造林实践中应优先考虑阔叶林。（2）人工林营造33 a后,土壤全K含量明显地小于对照灌草地,且不同林分间具有差异,因此,在森林经营时应注重K元素调控管理。