We present demographic, social, historical and ecological data to challenge the generalization that traditional tenure and fishing taboos constitute cultural adaptations that evolved to prevent over‐harvesting of subsistence fisheries in the Pacific. In particular, we re‐examine the seminal and widely cited arguments of Johannes (Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1978; 9 , 349–364), which constructed tenure and taboos primarily as traditional fishery management tools for the entire Pacific region. While it is difficult to disprove Johannes’ logic for some sites, particularly in formerly densely populated parts of Polynesia and Micronesia, our review of data and literature for Melanesia indicate very different origins and functions for these institutions. Our study shows that human population densities in most of the Western Pacific prior to European colonial intrusions were too low to have generated sufficient fishing pressure to drive the evolution of a conservation ethic. Our review for Melanesia shows that customary marine tenure and fishing taboos are primarily designed to manage relationships between social groups, rather than to sustain food security from fisheries. We argue that proper recognition of the cultural role of tenure and taboos is critical to progressing marine resource management in Melanesia. 相似文献
Previous studies on the transport and absorption of resveratrol (3,5,4-O-trihydroxystilbene) were done using the pure compound. In this study, the absorption of resveratrol in digested peanut micellar from boiled and roasted peanuts was investigated using a human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer. The amount transported and rate of transport of both resveratrol glycosides and its hydrolytic product were quantified by a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection. Four peaks were identified in the digested peanut micellar of both boiled and roasted peanuts: two resveratrol glycosides, one resveratrol diglycoside, and possibly an acylated resveratrol glycoside. Resveratrol from roasted peanut micellar had a higher transport rate than those from the boiled peanut. This implies that resveratrol from roasted peanut is better absorbed than from boiled peanut. Also, the rate of transport and amount of resveratrol transported were higher for the hydrolytic product than the nonhydrolyzed glycosides. This has strong implications for in vivo absorption as the enzymatic activity of gut microflora could enhance the bioavailability of β-glycosides of dietary polyphenols. 相似文献
Post-operative computed tomography (CT) has been described as a technique for diagnosing incomplete resection or recurrence of cerebral neoplasms in humans. The characteristics of immediate postoperative CT images in dogs with intracranial pathology are unknown. This report describes findings from preoperative, immediate post-operative, and 4 week to 9 month follow-up CT examinations in two dogs with histologically-confirmed cerebral meningiomas. In images of one dog after surgery there was mild contrast enhancement of the tissue surrounding the surgical site. This enhancement had resolved in later images and was probably the result of surgically induced trauma. In post operative images of the other dog there was significant hyperattenuation of the tissues around the surgical site. In post contrast images there was increased enhancement that was evident in later images. These findings, although not supported by necropsy, probably indicate incomplete excision of the tumor. 相似文献
Peanuts have been reported to contain bioactive phytochemicals, particularly isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and biochanin A) and trans-resveratrol. Currently, limited data are available regarding the levels of these bioactive compounds in peanuts with variations in reported levels. The purpose of this study was to compare four methods of extraction [stirring, sonication, Soxtec, and microwave-assisted sonication (MAS)] for runner peanuts. Quantification of the selected compounds was conducted by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that the MAS and Soxtec methods extracted significantly higher amounts of the phytochemicals. Also, the defatted peanuts gave significantly higher amounts of the phytochemicals compared to the nondefatted peanuts. The high levels of the isoflavones may be attributed to heat-induced conversion of conjugate glycosides to aglycons. The MAS and Soxtec methods may be used for total isoflavone content quantitation, while sonication or stirring may be the method of choice for quantitation of isoflavone composition (aglycons and glycoside conjugates) in peanuts. 相似文献
The goals of this study were to evaluate growth, development, and calcification process of veligers of Strombus gigas grown in natural conditions in mesocosm versus laboratory conditions. In this study, larvae bred in mesocosm conditions had a good growth rate (33.3±12.40 μm.day?1) when fed with natural phytoplankton in natural flowing seawater versus a lower growth rate of 8.8±5.20 μm.day?1 for larvae reared in laboratory conditions and fed with a monoalgal diet of Nannochloropsis oculata. Physicochemical parameters did not explain the difference on larval growth in both culture systems according to the principal component analysis done. Raman microspectrometry carried out on conch larvae grown in mesocosm and lab conditions allowed us to emphasize the biosynthesis of calcium carbonate species and their structure type evolution (amorphous, aragonite, or calcite structure) as a function of the breeding time by detecting and identifying in the spectra the characteristic Raman bands of CO3 chemical groups and lattice vibrations. This analytical method seems to indicate that crystalline CaCO3 structures are not detected in the recorded spectra on larvae reared in laboratory conditions during the early stages of the shell construction of 1 to 8 days. For this reason, light and current flow have also been considered in the discussion that can help to explain the differences found in this study. Contrarily, the Raman spectra acquired on larvae grown in mesocosms exhibit characteristic bands of aragonite (CO3 double peak at 697–701 cm?1 and lattice vibrations at 170 and 220 cm?1) from the third day of breeding. The best shell growth and shell calcification pointed out in larvae grown in mesocosm compared to laboratory conditions are probably due to the nutrient amounts present in the food available in mesocosm.
Three- or 5-day courses of meloxicam [0.2 mg/kg body weight (BW) subcutaneously pre- or postoperatively on Day 1 followed by 0.05 mg/kg BW, PO per day thereafter] were assessed for analgesic efficacy and safety in 50 client-owned cats undergoing onychectomy and sterilization. Primary outcome parameters were analgesia score, gait/lameness score, and need for rescue analgesia assessed at times 0, 1, 4, 7, 24, 28, 35, 48, 52, 57 hours and on Day 5. Packed cell volume/total solids and serum biochemistry were assessed at time 0 and Days 3 and 5. There were no differences in efficacy and safety parameters regardless of the treatment protocol employed and no cat required rescue analgesia. The patients that received meloxicam preoperatively had statistically better gait/lameness scores than those that received meloxicam postoperatively, supporting the principle of preemptive analgesia. 相似文献
The effects of varying inclusion levels of whole grain millet in millet–soya bean-based diets on growth performance, gizzard development, digesta characteristics and nutrient digestion in broiler chicken were investigated. Starter (0–14 days) and grower (15–28 days) broiler chicken diets containing pearl millet at 500 and 540 g/kg diet, respectively, were formulated. The diets comprised of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of millet incorporated as whole grain. One-day-old unsexed Arbor Acres Plus chicks (n = 540) were allotted to the experimental diets in a completely randomized design with the diets and water provided ad libitum for 28 days. Each treatment was replicated seven times, and each replicate had 12 chicks. Results showed that daily live weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chickens on the whole millet grain diets compared favourably with chicken on the control in both starter and grower phases, while feed intake reduced quadratically (p < .05) with increased whole grain millet levels in the starter phase. Morphological and structural characteristics of the gizzard and small intestine and intestinal digesta pH and viscosity were also unaffected (p > .05) by whole grain millet inclusion levels. However, the weight of intact millet grain in gizzard increased linearly (p < .001) with whole grain millet inclusion in the diets. Dietary whole grain millet inclusion also consistently lowered (p < .05) jejunal and ileal maltase and sucrase activities, but did not influence (p > .05) pancreatic amylase activity. Ileal crude protein and starch digestibility increased, while ileal energy digestibility decreased significantly (p < .05) with whole grain millet inclusion. Whole grain millet inclusion in broiler starter and grower diets up to 500–540 g/kg did not negatively impact on broiler chicken performance. 相似文献
Abstract— Continuous aeration at 0.5–0.9 kWha during summer months increasingly has become a baitfish industry practice, with aerators also serving as water circulators. Our study examined the impact of circulating pond water on golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas produced by typical commercial practices. Ponds (0.04-ha) were circulated with 0.25-kW pumps during two consecutive summers. In the first trial juvenile golden shiners were stocked at 282,800/ha and treatment ponds circulated from 0900–1600 h. In the second trial, stocking rate and daily hours of circulation were increased (800,600 fishha and 24 h, respectively). After 56 d (trial 1). gross yields (mean ± SE) were 771 ± 69 and 668 ± 44 kgha for control (uncirculated) and circulated ponds, respectively. Second trial gross yields (63 d) were 1,330 ± 70 and 1,177 ± 61 kgha for the control and circulated treatments, respectively. While circulated ponds showed a reduction in stratification based on temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles, there were no significant differences in golden shiner growth, yield or survival. Under the conditions of our trials, water circulation was an ineffective culture practice. 相似文献
In this study we compared culture, acid-fast stains, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of acid-fast organisms in fecal and tissue samples from Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) that were experimentally inoculated intravenously with Mycobacterium avium. For culture, three different culture media (modified Herrold egg yolk with mycobactin; Lowenstein-Jensen [L-J]; and L-J with cyclohexamide, naladixic acid, and lincomycin) were tested to determine which medium had the greatest success in isolating mycobacteria. Acid-fast staining methods included Zichl-Neelsen (Z-N) and Truant. The PCR assay detected mycobacterial DNA with primers specific for the 65-kD heat shock protein gene. Culture was considered the "gold standard." Compared with other culture media, L-J yielded more positive cultures and greater numbers of colonies on positive tubes, and incubation times were shorter. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from all of the harvested tissue samples (liver, spleen, and intestine) of inoculated birds. Mycobacteria were isolated from 53% (69/130) of fecal samples from inoculated birds. As the disease advanced, fecal culture was positive on more culture days, indicating that the culture-positive rate was higher later in the course of the disease. Compared with culture, all of the laboratory methods had 100% specificity for the tissue samples. Sensitivities for the tissue samples were 82.6% (Z-N), 95.7% (Truant), and 100% (PCR). For the fecal samples, the specificity was >95% for all methods. Sensitivities compared with fecal culture were 7.2% (Z-N), 30.4% (Truant), and 20.3% (PCR). Tissue and fecal samples from the two control birds were negative for acid-fast organisms by any method. These results were comparable with clinical cases of avian mycobacteriosis where culture and PCR of tissue samples seem to be the most sensitive and specific laboratory tests and evaluation of fecal samples still remains challenging. On the basis of the results of this study, identification of mycobacteria in fecal samples from Japanese quail can be optimized by repeated cultures and Truant acid-fast staining of fecal smears. 相似文献
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of urinary bladder marsupialization in male goats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, experimental study. ANIMALS: Six healthy mixed-breed male goats. METHODS: After experimentally induced urethral obstruction, 6 male goats had urinary bladder marsupialization. Renal ultrasonography, complete blood count, and serum biochemical analysis were evaluated preoperatively (day 0), at 7 postoperative days, and then at 30-day intervals until 180 days. Stomal diameter was recorded immediately postoperatively and at each postoperative interval. Necropsy examination was performed on day 180 or when stomal stricture or death occurred. RESULTS: Stomal stricture occurred in 1 goat at 120 days. Another goat was found dead at 150 days; severe, suppurative cystitis was identified on necropsy. All goats had mild urine scald dermatitis. Serum biochemical values remained within normal limits, but significant decreases in white blood cell count, serum creatinine concentration, and stomal diameter occurred. At necropsy, all bladders were tubular in shape. Histological evidence of chronic suppurative cystitis and chronic, mild lymphoplasmacytic pyelitis occurred in all goats. Bacterial culture of renal tissue yielded growth in 3 goats, and bladder mucosal swabs yielded bacterial growth in all goats. CONCLUSIONS: Although clinical signs of ascending urinary tract infection were not observed in goats with patent stomata, urinary bladder marsupialization may result in ascending urinary tract inflammation or infection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on our results, urinary bladder marsupialization should be recommended with caution as the primary method for management of urinary tract obstruction in clinical cases. 相似文献