Amaranth seed proteins: Effect of defatting on extraction yield and on electrophoretic patterns

Acetone and hexane were used to know the effect of defatting amaranth flour on the extraction yield of protein fractions and on the electrophoretic patterns. It was found that albumins (33%) and globulins (20%) did not present yield changes when using these two solvents, but it was noted that with hexane compared to acetone, prolamins extraction was reduced by half (3.0 to 1.6%) whereas glutelins increased from 26.5 to 30%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of prolamins extracted with acetone and hexane showed one band of low molecular weight (22 KDa) and five bands between 52 to 22 KDa, respectively. No electrophoretic changes were observed in the remaining fractions.     

Preharvest calcium sprays improve volatile emission at commercial harvest of 'Fuji Kiku-8' apples

Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit intended for long-term storage are frequently harvested commercially before becoming fully ripe, often resulting in poor aroma development. Since postharvest calcium dips have proved effective for the enhancement of flavor-related volatile esters after cold storage of apples, this study was undertaken in order to assess whether preharvest calcium sprays (7 weekly applications at 1.6%, w/v, 81-123 days after full bloom) could also aid in improving this important attribute at harvest. This procedure significantly increased calcium content in treated fruit. The emission of aroma-related volatile esters by untreated and calcium-treated 'Fuji' apples was then monitored during maturation and ripening over two months prior to commercial harvest. Results indicate that most of the compounds contributing to overall flavor in ripe fruit were enhanced in response to preharvest calcium applications, suggesting that this procedure may be suitable for the improvement of fruit aroma at harvest. The emission of acetate esters was particularly favored, consistent with higher acetaldehyde contents in treated fruit. These effects arose apparently from increased pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activities, possibly leading to a better supply of alcohols and acyl CoAs for ester biosynthesis.     

Histological effects on the kidney,spleen, and liver of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed different concentrations of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The aims of this study were to evaluate the inclusion of different concentrations of Lactobacillus plantarum in Nile tilapia diet and to verify histological...     

Die Wirkung von Düngungsänderungen auf die mikrobielle Aktivität von Löss‐Schwarzerde nach 96 Jahren differenzierter organischer und mineralischer düngung im “Statischen Düngungsversuch”; Bad Lauchstädt

Über den Zeitraum, in dem langjährige Düngungsänderungen die mikrobielle Aktivität eines Bodens in Abhängigkeit vom C_org‐Gehalt beeinflussen, liegen bisher wenige Kenntnisse vor. Auf ausgewählten Prüfgliedern des Statischen Dauerdüngungs versuches Bad Lauchstädt wurde die Langzeitwirkung differenzierter Düngung in Abhängigkeit vom C_org‐Gehalt des Bodens auf die mikrobielle Aktivität von Löß‐Schwarzerde untersucht. Geprüft wurden die Parameter mikrobielle Biomasse, die Enzyme Protease, β‐Glucosidase, alkalische Phosphatase und Dimethylsulfoxidreduktion, sowie das Mineralisierungsvermögen des Bodens und der Anteil des heißwasserlöslichen Kohlenstoffs (C_hwl). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nach 20 Jahren organischer bzw. fehlender Düngung das Ausgangsniveau der mikrobiellen Aktivität der Vergleichsprüfglieder noch nicht erreicht worden ist. Die Unterlassung einer organischen Düngung auf LößSchwarzerde führte in Abhängigkeit vom C_org‐Ausgangsniveau zu einer Abnahme der mikrobiellen Biomasse zwischen 22 und 31%. Bei Unterlassung einer mineralischen Düngung sank die mikrobielle Biomasse um 13–15%. Die Zufuhr von 15t/ha.a Stalldung zu den Prüfgliedern mit organisch schlecht versorgtem Boden führte mit der Erhöhung des C_org‐Gehaltes zu einem Anstieg der mikrobiellen Biomasse um 31–39%. Zwischen C _org, C_hwl, CO₂‐Freisetzung und mikrobieller Biomasse bestehen enge Beziehungen. Die Enzymaktivitäten zeigten ein differenziertes Verhalten.

Langjährige organische und mineralische bzw. unterlassene Düngung hatte eine nachhaltige Wirkung auf die mikrobielle Aktivität von Löß‐Schwarzerde. Ein Fließgleichgewicht stellt sich demnach auch bei mikrobiellen Parametern erst nach längeren Zeiträumen ein.     

Fungal pathogens in Norwegian lettuce fields

Abstract

Norwegian field production of lettuce has increased considerably since the early 1990s. Disease problems rarely required fungicide applications before 1996, when lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) caused severe losses. From 2002 to 2004, surveys were conducted to identify fungal diseases in Buskerud, Vestfold and Østfold counties in the south-east and Rogaland County in the south-west, representing the main lettuce production regions of Norway. The distribution and incidence of B. lactucae was highly variable, but this pathogen was the most important due to the destructive nature of uncontrolled epidemics. Septoria lactucae caused severe damage, but was found in only one field. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was the most widespread pathogen, found in 32% of the fields, but usually affecting less than 10% of the plants. Pythium tracheiphilum was reported from 33% of the fields in south-east Norway, but was not found in the south-west. Disease incidence was usually less than 5%, and a disease incidence of more than 10% was reported in one field only. Other pathogens of potential economic importance in Norwegian lettuce fields are Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, although they were sporadically distributed in relatively few fields in this survey.     

Störung der Krebsresistenz der Kartoffel nach mutagener Behandlung

Zusammenfassung Knollen einer krebsresistenten Sorte wurden mit γ-Strahlen, Nitrosomethylharnstoff und mit beiden Mutagentien kombiniert behandelt. Im Ergebnis traten Nachkommen mit unterschiedlichem Anf?lligkeitsgrad auf. Bei einem Teil ‘normalisierte’ sich die Resistenz in der vM₃ bzw. vM₅. Unter 550 untersuchten Subklonen waren 3 Mutanten (0,55%), die noch nach 6 Prüfjahren (vM₈) Defekte im Resistenzmechanismus zeigten.     

Ergebnisse einer Diallelanalyse zur Vererbung der Resistenz gegenSynchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc., Pathotyp 1 (Dl) bei Kartoffeln (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Zusammenfassung Die Nachkommenschaften eines Diallels mit 10 Eltern, ohne reziproke Kreuzungen, wurden gegen Pathotyp 1 (Dl) des Kartoffelkrebses geprüft. Aufgrund der Aufspaltung in resistent und anf?llig lassen sich 5 genotypische Gruppen unterscheiden. Zwei Gruppen entsprechen in ihrer Resistenzvererbung dem einfaktoriellen Modell bei Autotetraploiden auf duplexer bzw. simplexer Basis. Der Nachweis von zwei weiteren Genotypen, die sich nicht einordnen lassen, l?\t eine h?here genetische Varianz erkennen, als nach dem autotetraploiden Modell theoretisht zu erwarten ist. Die M?glichkeit der Identifizierung weiterer Genotypen wird nicht ausgeschlossen.

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Summary The progeny of a diallel cross between 10 clones of table potatoes were tested for resistance toSynchytrium endobioticum Pathotype 1. Of the 10 parent clones, 9 were resistant, based on the characteristic defence necrosis, and one was very susceptible. In total 45 hybrid and 10 selfed progenies were tested with 60–100 genotypes in each case. The mean performance of each clone was assessed using the percentages of resistant genotypes for all 9 combinations with other clones, and the selfs. The 10 clones are arranged in Table 1 according to their rankings for this parameter. Five groups of genotypes (I–V) can be recognized; these are significantly different from one another. The mean values of the selfs for individual groups, and the combinations with the susceptible parent are also given. From these results it can be concluded that the clones in Groups I–III inherited resistance as if controlled by a single major dominant gene in the simplex or duplex condition in the autotetraploid. The susceptible parent gave a nulliplex-type. The corresponding test results given in Table 2 confirm these conclusions. According to Table 1, clones (4) and (9) do not fit into Groups I and III. They have another genotype. Since the parents used here cover only a small range of possible genotypes, no generally valid statements can be made about the number of groups and the frequency of the genotypes in the groups for all cultivars and clones ofSolanum tuberosum. Inheritance studies of wart resistance by other authors confirm the assumption that further genotype groups may be identified. Greater genetic variation can be expected than is theoretically possible in the single factor model of autotetraploidy.

     

More about the potato nematode,Heterodera rostochiensis Woll., in Peru

Thirteen resistant selections ofS. tuberosum hybrids bred in the U.S.A. and Europe and 44 diploid clones derived fromS. vernei, S. spegazzinii, S. neohawkesii, andS. sanctaerosae each with resistance to one or more pathotypes ofH. rostochiensis were tested for their resistance to three Peruvian populations of this nematode. Only one diploid clone ofS. sanctatrosae was found to be resistant to the three populations of nematodes, but several clones were resistant to one or another of the nematode populations. More clones were found to resist the nematode population collected near Cuzco than those populations collected near Huancayo or Otuzco. Morphometric measurements of body length, stylet length, and distance of median valve to excretory pore, of second stage larvae showed great variation and no clear difference among the three populations. The measurements obtained were closer to pathotype E from England than to any other recognized pathotypes.     

Influence of process variables on the properties of pulp and paper sheets obtained by sulphite pulping of olive tree wood

Summary A central composition design was developed to study the influence of process variables (temperature, pulping time, sulphite concentration, anthraquinone concentration and liquid/solid relation) on the properties of pulps (yield, holocellulose, α-cellulose and lignin contents, and brightness) and the paper sheets (stretch, burst index and tear index) obtained from them, in the sulphite pulping of olive tree wood. Equations that reproduce the properties of pulps prepared by sulphite pulping and of paper sheets obtained from it are reported. The proposed equations fit the experimental yield and the holocellulose and α-cellulose contents of the pulps with errors less than 5%, as well as brightness with errors less than 10%. Also, they reproduce the lignin content of the pulps, and the stretch, burst index and tear index of the paper sheets with errors less than 15%. Obtaining pulps with acceptably high yield, holocellulose and α-cellulose contents, and also a high brightness, in addition to low lignin contents, entails operating at a temperature of 193 °C for 143 min, using a sulphite concentration of 19.85%, an anthraquinone concentration of 0.1% and a liquid/solid relation of 6.24. These are also the most suitable conditions for obtaining paper sheets with a high stretch, burst index and tear index. Received 23 April 1998     

Effect of red wine marinades on the formation of heterocyclic amines in fried chicken breast

Genotoxic heterocyclic amines (HAs) are formed via the Maillard reaction and free radical reaction mechanisms when meat or fish is cooked at usual cooking conditions. In this paper, the effect of the addition of red wine was tested to study if it interferes in HA formation. Fried chicken breast was the food item chosen, and three different red wines, characterized in terms of grape varieties, free amino acids, antioxidant properties, and metallic composition, were used to marinate meat prior to the heating process. Unmarinated samples and samples marinated with an ethanol-water mixture provided reference HA levels. The frying experiments were performed under well-controlled temperature and time conditions. The samples were analyzed for HA content using solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS. DMIP, PhIP, MeIQx, 4,8-DiMeIQx, IFP, TMIP, harman, and norharman were identified in fried chicken breast. Red wine marinades were found to reduce the formation of some of the HAs formed. PhIP, with a reduction of up to 88%, was the most minimized amine, although the formation of harman was enhanced.