A Kind of Fuzzy System Modelling and Control Based on Neural Networks

Combining artificial neural networks(ANN) with fuzzy system theory,a kind of modelling & control method of fuzzy system based on ANN is presented.The simulation researches have verified that the proposed approach can be applied effectively to a number of control systems which are defficult to build strict mathematical model.     

Adjustive Mechanism Design Based on Planar Constraint Uncertainty

For normal planar closed chain mechanism, it is based on ideal planar constraint condition. The authors took crank leader mechanism as an example, and analyzed influences resulted from uncertain factors, such as manufacturing error. The result shows it belongs to statically indetermination mechanism. After analyzing its over-constraint and eliminating it, in this way, it become statically determination mechanism and can be assembled without obstacle. However, in the process of practical running, the mechanism can give birth to new kinematic constraint, frictional constraint and dynamic constraint etc., so over constraint emerges again. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse its adaptability in total running process. The conclusion shows that design of adaptability mechanism normally eliminate geometry over constraint at first, then it is analyzed that whether there is new over constraints from all kind of external constraints in the process of running.     

大豆DNA导入引起大麦籽粒蛋白含量及氨基酸含量变异的遗传稳定性分析

采用花粉管通道法和两种不同压力基因枪法将大豆总DNA导入大麦，提高了大麦后代籽粒的蛋白质含量和必需氨基酸含量。四代大麦籽粒蛋白质含量追踪分析及第四代籽粒氨基酸含量分析结果表明，部分大麦籽粒的高蛋白含量及质量变异性状能够稳定遗传。本试验还分析比较了两种DNA导入法，采用基因枪法比花粉管通道法在保持后代高蛋白遗传稳定性方面效果更好。在两种不同压力基因枪处理中，1300psi压力处理比1500psi压力处理更适合大豆总DNA的导入。在本试验中我们还获得了两个高蛋白性状较稳定的穗行，它们的蛋白质平均含量分别比对照提高20．67％和17．99％。     

粉蓝烟草(Nicotiana glauca)花柱S-糖蛋白的发达及对花粉管生长的影响

Self-incompatibility in flowering plants is controlled by the S-gene,encoding stylar S-glycoproteins. The isolation of the stylar glycoprotein which is the likely product of the S-gene in Nicotiana glauca has been described previously. In this paper we reported the expressiot of stylar S一glycopro     

两种轴流脱粒分离装置脱出物分布规律对比试验研究

该文在自行研制的轴流脱粒分离装置试验台上,利用水稻对螺旋叶片板齿组合式与钉齿式轴流脱分装置脱出物分布规律进行了试验研究,得到了两种装置脱出物沿轴向与周向分布曲线与方程。结果表明,两种装置脱出物分布规律曲线沿轴向呈Peal-Reed模型,沿周向均为系数不同的多项式形式。脱出物沿轴向与周向分布不均匀,且两种装置脱出物特性不同。     

基于优化矩不变特征的鲜切菜在线分级技术

由于矩不变特征具有平移、旋转和缩放不变性,在物体形状识别领域得到了广泛的应用。在鲜切菜分级领域,鲜切菜的尺度是分级的重要指标之一,但是矩不变特征具有尺度不变性,不能区分不同尺度的鲜切菜。几何特征可以很好的描述物体的尺度,但是不具备旋转不变性。因此,本文将矩不变特征的平移、旋转不变性与几何特征优秀的尺度表达能力融合,提出了一种基于优化矩不变特征模型的鲜切菜在线分级方法。首先提取标准鲜切菜的几何特征和矩不变特征,并利用其统计信息建立数学模型,然后提取待分级的鲜切菜的几何特征和矩不变特征,最后计算待分级的鲜切菜特征与标准鲜切菜特征模型的相似度,完成鲜切菜的在线分级。本文以鲜切土豆丁为例,试验结果表明,本文方法能准确地将鲜切菜分级,实时性和鲁棒性高,具有很好的工程应用前景。     

太行山山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米推荐施肥指标的修正

采用3种肥料效应模型,分析模拟了太行山山前平原高产区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作制度下的施肥量与作物产量之间的效应关系。结果表明,采用线型＋平台模型拟合,冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的最佳施氮量分别为91 kg/hm^2和39.7 kg/hm^2,在保证作物产量不减的情况下,比当地农民采用的传统二次型施肥模型的施氮量分别减少59%和79.7%。华北平原高产区长期过量施用氮肥,造成土壤中有不同程度的硝态氮积累,故施用基肥时,应特别注重测定田间土壤根层（0～60 cm）的硝态氮含量。通过养分平衡长期定位试验表明,该区磷肥合理施用量为P2O575 kg/hm^2。实行冬小麦秸秆还田情况下,冬小麦季宜施用钾肥K2O 45 kg/hm^2,夏玉米季可以不施钾肥。依据该文推荐的施肥指标可使冬小麦季节省肥料投资407.4元/hm^2,玉米季节省肥料投资503.8元/hm^2,两季作物的施肥利润均显著提高。为中国华北平原粮食高产区合理施用化肥、减少资源浪费、提高经济和生态效益提供了参考依据。     

Interactions of Salinity Stress and Flower Thinning on Tomato Growth,Yield, and Water Use Efficiency

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity stress and flower number on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes cultivated under soilless conditions. The experiment was conducted in a plastic house (5-m wide × 11-m long) located in Gifu University. The seedlings were transplanted in a randomized complete block design with six plants per treatment (NT1 and ST1 were with four plants), giving a total of 44 plants in 22 pots (two plants per pot). Two different salinity levels [no-salinity and salinity with electrical conductivity: 0.8 and 3.0 dS m^?1, respectively] and four flower number treatments (8, 13, 18, and free per truss) were investigated in the experiment. The results showed that salinity stress negatively affected tomato growth, yield, and marketable yield, but improved tomato fruit quality. The number of flowers had no effect on tomato growth variables and WUE, but the yield significantly increased with increasing flower number. However, the fruit quality was decreased with increased flower number. A reasonable control for fruit load can increase marketable yield in commercial cultivation. Under salinity stress conditions, properly increasing the number of flowers can avoid yield reduction.     

基于透射光谱的玉米叶片水分含量快速检测

为实现玉米叶片水分含量快速检测,利用近红外光谱仪在300~1 700 nm采用透射法对玉米叶片水分含量进行快速检测。试验利用烘干法对叶片水分梯度进行控制,并测量玉米叶片的透射光谱曲线和含水率。对透射光谱数据采用Savitzky-Golay方法进行平滑预处理,滤除光谱波动噪声干扰。分析了叶片透射光谱与含水率之间的相关关系,通过相关性分析提取敏感波长800、932、1 423 nm;利用主成分分析法提取敏感波长478、748、1058和1 323 nm。综合二者敏感波长最终筛选出水分敏感波长800、1 323、1 058和1 423 nm。利用这4个波长的组合得到比值植被指数、差值植被指数和归一化植被指数等12种植被指数,选取了最优差值植被指数DVI(1423、800)与透射率T1 323和T1 058建立了玉米叶片含水率多元线性回归诊断模型,建模集决定系数Rc2=0.968 8,验证集决定系数Rv2=0.951 9,预测结果方根误差为0.061。结果表明,利用透射光谱技术检测的玉米叶片水分含量具有较高的精度,可为植物叶片水分快速检测仪器开发提供指导。     

Testing the influence of sediment granulometry on heterotrophic respiration with a new laboratory flow-through system

Purpose

Increased sedimentation due to land use intensification is increasingly affecting carbon processing in streams and rivers around the globe. This study describes the design of a laboratory-scale flow-through incubation system as a tool for the rapid estimation of sediment respiration. The measurements were compared with those obtained using an in situ closed chamber respiration method. The influence of sediment size on respiration rates was also investigated.

Materials and methods

Measurements were conducted on a pre-alpine gravel-bed river sediment separated into the following grain size fractions: > 60 mm (14.3%), 60–5 mm (60.2%), 5–2 mm (13.7%), 2–0.063 mm (11.1%) and <0.063 mm (0.6%). Concurrently, in situ and laboratory measurements were carried out on a naturally heterogeneous sediment. In situ respiration was determined in closed chambers as O₂ consumption over time, while in the laboratory, respiration was determined using flow-through respiration chambers. Oxygen concentrations were measured using a fibre-optic oxygen meter positioned at the inflow and outflow from the chamber.

Results and discussion

The mean respiration rates within naturally mixed riverbed sediments were 1.27 ± 0.3 mg O₂ dm^?3 h^?1 (n = 4) and 0.77 ± 0.1 mg O₂ dm^?3 h^?1 (n = 3) for the flow-through chamber system and closed chamber system, respectively. Respiration rates were statistically significantly higher in the flow-through chamber system (t test, p < 0.05), indicating that closed chamber measurements underestimated the oxygen consumption within riverbed sediments. Sediment grain size was found to significantly affect respiration rates in both systems (ANOVA, p < 0.001) with the fine sediment fraction (particle size <0.063 mm) having the highest respiration rate (r_flow-through = 51 ± 23 mg O₂ dm^?3 h^?1). The smallest fractions (2–0.063 and <0.063 mm), which represent approximately 12% of total sediment volume, contributed 60% of total respiration.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated that flow-through respiration chambers more accurately estimate the respiration rate within riverbed sediments than in situ closed chambers, since the former experiment imitates the natural conditions where continuous interstitial flow occurs in the sediments. We also demonstrated that fine sediments (<5 mm) substantially contribute to heterotrophic respiration in the studied gravel-bed river.