Effects of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation

To investigate the effects of body size and water temperature on feeding and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), the maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy (C_maxe; J day^?1) and the specific growth rate in terms of energy (SGRe; % day^?1) in animals of three body sizes (mean±SE) – large (134.0±3.5 g), medium (73.6±2.2 g) and small (36.5±1.2 g) – were determined at water temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy increased and SGRe decreased with increasing body weight at 10, 15 and 20°C. This trend, however, was not apparent at 25 and 30°C, which could be influenced by aestivation. High water temperatures (above 20°C) were disadvantageous to feeding and growth of this animal; SGRe of A. japonicus during aestivation was negative. The optimum temperatures for food consumption and for growth were similar and were between 14 and 15°C, and body size seemed to have a slight effect on the optimal temperature for food consumption or growth. Because aestivation of A. japonicus was temperature dependent, the present paper also documented the threshold temperatures to aestivation as indicated by feeding cessation. Deduced from daily food consumption of individuals, the threshold temperature to aestivation for large and medium animals (73.3–139.3 g) was 24.5?25.5°C, while that for small animals (28.9–40.7 g) was between 25.5 and 30.5°C. These values are higher than previous reports; differences in sign of aestivation, experimental condition and dwelling district of test animals could be the reasons.     

Effects of Salinity on Biogenic Amines,Hemolymph Osmotic Pressure,and Activity of Gill’s Na+/K+‐ATPase in Charybdis japonica (Crustacea,Decapoda)

The effects of salinity on hemolymph osmotic pressure, gill Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity and dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5‐HT) in the gills, and hemolymph of the adult Charybdis japonica were studied. DA levels increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the NE and 5‐HT revealed contrary change in hemolymph and gills. The iso‐osmotic point of C. japonica (911.4 mOsm/kg) was at salinity of 27.87 ppt. The Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity of gill showed negative correlation with salinity in the hypotonic environment (<27.87 ppt). The results of this experiment indicated that C. japonica had great capability to acclimate to low salinity.     

镉对海湾扇贝的急性毒性研究

利用水生生物毒性试验方法,分5个浓度进行镉对日照海域海湾扇贝的急性毒性实验,以期对日照海域海湾扇贝养殖提供理论依据。利用概率单位和浓度对数作线性回归,得出镉对海湾扇贝(Argopectenirradiams)在24、48、96h的半致死量LC50,其值分别为5.85、4.52和3.45mg/L。并计算出镉对海湾扇贝的安全质量浓度为0.0345mg/L。实验证明,Cd对海湾扇贝是剧毒性的毒物,海湾扇贝发育越往后期,它对Cd的耐受性就越大。     

用信息融合技术改进水产养殖水质监控系统

水质监控是实现水产养殖现代化的关键因素之一。本文设计并实现了一种基于物联网技术的水产养殖水质监控系统。该系统将传感及传感网技术、Zig Bee/GPRS/3G技术和信息融合与数据挖掘等物联网技术引入到水产养殖水质监控系统。目前该系统在国家罗非鱼产业技术研发中心无锡育种和保种基地平稳地运行,节能降耗、绿色环保,预测预警准确性较高,减少了各类灾害事故的发生,提高了水产品的品质,可在水产养殖水质监控中推广应用。     

Aquatic birnavirus induces apoptosis through activated caspase-8 and -3 in a zebrafish cell line

In this study, the possible influence of temperature on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)-induced apoptosis in a zebrafish liver epithelium (ZLE) cell line was investigated. At a lower temperature (18 degrees C), there was expression of viral proteins VP2 and VP3 at 4 h post-infection (p.i.). At this time no expression was found in the high temperature group at 28 degrees C. The cell survival ratio was 52 and 18% at 24 and 48 h p.i., respectively, during IPNV infection at 18 degrees C. In addition, we assayed for apoptosis in IPNV-infected cells with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated end labelling (TUNEL) of DNA at different dosages of virus. We found a ratio of apoptotic cells of 8 and 25% at 12 and 18 h p.i., respectively, in the multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 group. The MOI 10 group had 20 and 45% apoptotic cells at 12 and 18 h, respectively. Furthermore, at 18 degrees C IPNV activated the caspase-8 and 3 from 1.5 to 2 times at 12 and 18 h p.i., respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest that successful virus replication occurs at the low temperature (18 degrees C) compared with the non-permissive temperature of 28 degrees C. Thus, IPNV replication is capable of activating caspase-8 and -3 and inducing host apoptosis.     

长江水生生物资源养护存在的问题及对策研究

阐述了长江水生生物资源养护现状及面临问题,指出长江流域水域污染,航运发展、水工建设造成的生态环境恶化,以及非法捕捞屡禁不止是导致水生生物资源衰退的主要因素;提出完善长江水生生物资源养护和管理对策,指出必须建立适应于长江流域的渔业管理模式,治理环境污染,修复水生生物生态环境,以保护长江水生生物资源,维护水域生态安全.     

Should only females of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii be selected in genetic improvement programmes?

Sexual dimorphism is widely observed in almost all farmed aquatic animal species but giant freshwater pawn (GFP) is unique, with males characterized by three main morphotypes (blue claw, orange claw and small males) and females by different reproduction status (ovary, berried egg and already‐spawned females). There has been reported evidence that the effect of male morphotype may have masked genetic variation in growth‐related traits, as a result the heritability for male body weight was lower than that estimated in female. A pending question has arisen whether selection should be made in female only. To answer this question, we used an 8‐year data set from a long‐term selection programme (2008–2015) for high growth in this species comprising 106,756 individuals that were offspring of 515 sires and 810 dams. The body weight data of female and male GFP or of each morphotype was treated as a separate trait and a multi‐trait approach was used to estimate genetic correlations for homologous traits between sexes and between morphotypes. Our analysis showed that there were little differences in the heritability estimates between female and male. In female, mature ovary individual displayed higher heritability than berried egg and already‐spawned females. For male, the heritability for blue claw, orange claw and small males were 0.11, 0.06 and 0.00 respectively. Between‐sex genetic correlation was moderate (0.55 ± 0.11) for body weight, suggesting that the trait expressions in female and male may be genetically different. In female, the genetic correlations for body weight among three female types were close to one (0.91–0.94). In contrast, the genetic correlations for body weight between male morphotypes especially between blue claw or orange claw and small males were low (0.15–0.25). Furthermore, we estimated genetic gain as the difference in least square means (LSM) or estimated breeding values (EBV) between the selection line and control group. The genetic gain in body weight was smaller in females than in males. It is concluded that there is no need to run separate breeding programme for female and male GFP. A combined selection using both female and male data can achieve selection response for body weight as demonstrated in the present study.     

不同饲料对哲罗鲑生长性能和营养成分的影响

在人工养殖条件下,分别投喂野生鲫鱼和人工饲料对哲罗鲑生长性能和营养成分进行比较。每组养殖实验鱼50尾,每个实验组设3个重复,试验水温10.8～16.5℃,pH值7.2～7.5,溶氧〉6.0mg/L,试验共进行56d。试验结果：野生鲫组增重率、特定生长率、肥满度、水分均显著高于人工饲料组（P〈0.05）。野生鲫组粗脂肪显著低于配合饲料组（P〈0.05）。两试验组鱼体粗蛋白、粗灰分、肌肉氨基酸含量及组成差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。野生鲫组与人工饲料组相比,野生鲫组哲罗鲑生长性能较好,鱼体成分发生改变,而肌肉氨基酸营养价值未发生变化。     

提高高校课堂教学效果的策略——以《植物生理学》为例

课堂教学是提高教学质量的核心,是教书育人的主战场。以"植物生理学"教学为例,提出"以本科教学为重点、教学大纲为核心、基本教学为基点、教书育人为先导,采用三课、理论联系实际、融合科研最新进展、授课与管理相结合"的教学改革策略,以达到提高课堂教学效果和良好的教书育人目的。     

Effects of Dietary DHA/EPA Ratios on Fatty Acid Composition,Lipid Metabolism‐related Enzyme Activity,and Gene Expression of Juvenile Grass Carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

To determine the effects of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, a 38‐d feeding trial was conducted using six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing constant n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) (0.5% of dry matter), but varying ratios of DHA to EPA and a control diet (no n‐3 LC‐PUFA was included). The results revealed higher final weight and specific growth rate in the DHA/EPA 0.21 group. The n‐3 LC‐PUFA content increased in the CK (control) groups compared with that in the control diet. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity increased in the treatment groups. Malate dehydrogenase showed lower activity in the DHA/EPA 1.08 group, as well as to the change in the level of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). The gene expressions of LPL increased in the treatment groups and that of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α gene showed higher expressions in DHA/EPA 1.08, 0.49, and 0.21 groups. However, no remarkable differences were found among the six groups in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ gene expression. Our findings indicated that dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFA affected fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism of grass carp. Further, fish achieved the best effect in decreasing the lipid accumulation when dietary DHA/EPA ratio was not greater than 1.