Does Use of a Jig Influence the Precision of Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Surgery?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the precision of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery when performed with or without a jig. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric, adult greyhound hindlimbs (n=9 pair). METHODS: TPLO (n=18) was performed on each limb pair; 1 with and 1 without use of a jig. Measurements taken from pre- and postsurgical radiographs were osteotomy position, tibial plateau angle (TPA), varus-valgus malalignment, and tibial torsion. The null hypothesis was that TPLO precision was not affected by use of a jig. Student's t-test was used to investigate differences in TPA, osteotomy location, and frequency and extent of iatrogenic limb malalignment; P<.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in postsurgical TPA, tibial crest thickness, varus-valgus malalignment, or tibial torsion between TPLOs performed with or without a jig. Osteotomy location was significantly more distal when a jig was used (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: Jig use did not improve the precision of TPLO surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Performing TPLO without a jig should reduce surgery time, eliminate complications related to placement of the distal jig pin and allow unhindered positioning of the osteotomy.     

An evaluation of radiography in studies of gastric evacuation in African catfish fingerlings

Groups of 3–4 g African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822; Family: Clariidae) were offered feeds of two types in three combinations: feed with a radio-opaque marker (Ballotini, 0.16–0.25 mm), feed without marker and a 50:50 mixture of marked and unmarked feeds. Stomach contents were estimated by X-radiography and gastrectomy just after meal termination and at different time intervals (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40 and 48 h). There were no significant differences among treatment groups confirming that there was no effect of the marker on feed preference and evacuation rate. Estimations of gastric evacuation rate calculated from gastrectomy and by X-ray sampling were not significantly different. Therefore, gastric evacuation rate of African catfish can be accurately estimated by feeding marked feed and then using X-radiography to monitor feed passage through the gut. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Erratum to: I. M. Suthers and D. Rissik (eds): Plankton: A guide to their ecology and monitoring for water quality CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia, 2009, XVI + 256pp., ￡30 (Paperback), ISBN: 9780643090583 (Distributed by eurospan@turpin-distribution.com)

Compensatory growth refers to an animal’s ability to grow extremely rapidly after it has experienced a period of reduced growth. It is also widely held that the growth trajectories of animals showing compensatory growth converge towards those followed by conspecifics that have experienced favorable growth conditions throughout their lives. In other words, it is often assumed that animals undergoing compensatory growth also show some recovery, and thereby exhibit catch-up growth. This belief has resulted in the terms compensatory growth, recovery growth, and catch-up growth being used as synonyms, and has also created some problems with regard to data analysis and interpretation. Following a discussion of methods of analysis and their limitations, a series of growth simulations is presented to illustrate why the terms should not be used as synonyms. The simulations, based upon the assumption that compensatory growth results in a restoration of body composition (using condition index as a surrogate), show that compensatory growth is not always accompanied by a convergence of growth trajectories. Compensatory growth can occur in the absence of catch-up growth, and the simultaneous observation of compensatory growth and a recovery of body mass is a special combination of events. Further, it is possible for growth trajectories to converge even when animals that have experienced a period of reduced growth do not display compensatory growth. Definitions are proposed that distinguish between the terms compensatory growth, recovery growth, and catch-up growth, and guidelines are given relating to the analysis of the results of fish compensatory growth studies.     

To sea or not to sea? Multiple lines of evidence reveal the contribution of non‐diadromous recruitment for supporting endemic fish populations within New Zealand's longest river

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Response of saproxylic insect communities to logging history,tree species,stage of decay,and wood posture in the central Nearctic boreal forest

Saproxylic insect assemblages are essential functional components of forest ecosystems that can be affected by forest management.We used a split-plot ANOVA design to analyze differences in selected saproxylic insects(all arthropod orders and dipteran and parasitic hymenopteran families) emerging from dead wood of sites with different logging histories(horse-logged,mechanically-logged and unlogged),tree species(Populus and Picea),stage of decay(early-and late-decay stages) and posture(standing and downed logs) in the boreal forest of central Canada.No clear effects of logging history were seen for the studied taxa; however,interaction between logging history and other dead wood features was apparent.Cecidomyiidae consistently emerged more from Populus than from Picea dead wood.Most of the studied saproxylic families were more abundant in late-decay than in early-decay wood.Dipterans of the Cecidomyiidae,Ceratopogonidae,Empididae,Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae families,and hymenopterans of the Diapriidae and Ichneumonidae families were significantly more abundant in downed than in standing dead wood.In contrast,Mymaridae was most abundant in standing dead wood.Our study provides evidence that some insects at high taxonomic levels respond differently to dead wood quality,and this could inform future management strategies in the boreal forest for the conservation of saproxylic fauna and their ecological functions.     

Rapid compositional analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using visible‐near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Rapid measurement of salmon flesh quality parameters (>400 samples day^?1) was demonstrated in the laboratory and remotely at industrial sites. Visible‐near infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS) was applied to predict astaxanthin (AX) and fat content in farmed Atlantic salmon. Fish were sampled from thirteen batches (1–6 kg whole weight, containing 2.3–16.3% fat and 1.2–12.5 μg g^?1 AX), and models validated on small (average ± SD: 1.4 ± 0.4 kg) and large fish (4.2 ± 0.9 kg). Both constituents were well predicted in minced Norwegian Quality Cutlet (NQC) samples (r² ≥ 0.86; standard error of prediction (SEP) ≤0.7% for fat and ≤0.7 μg g^?1 for AX). Comparable metrics were observed for AX prediction in whole NQCs (r² = 0.80–0.88; SEP 0.7 μg g^?1). Fat was better predicted in small fish than large fish for whole NQCs (r² = 0.82, SEP 1.0% cf r² = 0.59, SEP = 0.59%) and non‐destructive scanning through the skin of whole, gutted fish (r² = 0.77, SEP = 1.2% cf r² = 0.49, SEP = 1.5%). Models were also developed for screening polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, e.g. in NQCs for docosahexaenoic acid (r² = 0.73) and n‐3:n‐6 PUFA (r² = 0.89).     

Otolith chemistry of triplefin Forsterygion nigripenne indicates estuarine residency

Fisheries Science - Understanding the role different habitats play in the life histories of fishes is important for the development of holistic aquatic ecosystem management plans. We used otolith...     

Localisation of iron in wheat grain using high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry

Insufficient iron (Fe) is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies in humans, with billions of people affected. Cereal grains are an important source of Fe for humans but the bioavailability of Fe in cereals is generally low. Information regarding the cellular and sub-cellular localisation of Fe in wheat grain will aid optimising nutrient delivery for human health. In this study high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) was used to map the distribution of Fe in the aleurone layer and in the endosperm of immature wheat grain. Iron was shown to be localised strongly in the phytin globoids in the aleurone cells and to a lesser extent in the cytoplasm around the starch granules in the endosperm.