乡镇基层农机科技推广工作探讨

乡镇基层农机科技推广工作存在着诸多的问题:思想观念滞后、制度不健全、示范力度不足、资金投入少以及农机与农艺融合欠缺等,这些问题必须得到行之有效地解决,否则直接阻碍我国农业现代化的实现。具体解决对策有:增强为广大农户服务的理念,强化科技人才队伍建设,加大科技成果转化率、增加资金投入,创建农机新技术的推广信息网络平台等。     

鸡蛋蛋黄高密度脂蛋白结构、组成、来源及功能研究进展

鸡蛋蛋黄高密度脂蛋白(HDL)主要存在于卵黄颗粒中,是一个类似环状微胶束结构的伪球状蛋白。其来源于卵黄蛋白原,卵黄蛋白原在体内又经过一系列的结构修饰与受体识别,最终以高密度脂蛋白及卵黄高磷蛋白的形式沉积于卵黄中。高密度脂蛋白具有重要的生物学功能,除为胚胎提供必要的营养物质,还具有抗氧化性、抗菌性以及调控人体血清HDL功能等生物特性。本文主要介绍卵黄高密度脂蛋白结构、组成、来源、定位以及生物学功能,并对卵黄高密度脂蛋白研究前景进行展望。     

低浓度玉米小斑病菌C小种毒素培养滤液对玉米叶片过氧化物酶活性的诱导作用

分别用不同低浓度玉米小斑病菌C小种毒素培养滤液处理两种基因型(C103和B37)的同核异质系的玉米叶片,以提高玉米叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)的活性;结果说明:过氧化物酶的活性变化与植物抗病性呈正相关,低浓度C毒素培养滤液本身能够作为激发子来诱导玉米获得抗性,故低浓度C毒素培养滤液作为激发子来诱导玉米的系统获得性抗性具有一定的广适性。对CB37和CC103的处理中,1∶60处理组效果均表现为较好,POD酶活性最高。     

A preliminary study of water use strategy of desert plants in Dunhuang,China

Water is a restrictive factor for plant growth and ecosystem stability in arid and semiarid areas. The dynamics of water availability in soils and water use by plants are consequently critical to ecosystem functions, e.g. maintaining a high resistance to the changing climate. Plant water use strategies, including water-use efficiency(WUE) and the main water source that a plant species utilizes, play an important role in the evaluation of stability and sustainability of a plantation. The water use strategies of desert plants(Tamarix chinensis, Alhagi sparsifolia, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Sophora alopecuroides, Bassia dasyphylla and Nitraria sphaerocarpa) in three different habitats(saline land, sandy land and Gobi) in Dunhuang(located in the typical arid area of northwestern China) were studied. The stable isotope of oxygen was used to determine the main water source and leaf carbon isotope discrimination was used to estimate the long-term WUE of plant species in the summer of 2010. The results suggest that: 1) the studied desert plants took up soil water below the depth of 80 cm; 2) T. chinensis in the three habitats used deeper soil water and T. chinensis in the Gobi site had higher WUE than those in the saline land and the sandy land. The results indicated that desert plants in Dunhuang depended on stable water source and maintained high WUE to survive in water limited environments.     

圈养秦岭羚牛夏季昼间活动时间分配研究

为了对秦岭羚牛进行有效的迁地保护和揭示圈养条件下秦岭羚羊的夏季昼间的时间分配状况,更好地加强饲养管理,2006年7月,在陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心内采用瞬时扫描取样法对13头圈养秦岭羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi)的活动规律进行了观察。结果表明,夏季白昼羚牛的活动以休息为主,采食次之,同时,羚牛的饮水、排尿、排便量均较低,分别为每头每天1.92次、0.54次、0.92次。羚牛每天的活动节律与气温的变化相关。年龄对羚牛活动节律的影响主要表现在羚牛的活动节律和时间分配方面的差异。此外,从羚牛群体进行观察,同一群中的羚牛个体的活动具有不完全同步性。     

Oral vaccination of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) with BCG: immune responses,persistence of BCG in lymphoid organs and excretion in faeces

AIMS: To determine immune responses, and the localisation and persistence of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and other organs in possums vaccinated orally with lipid-formulated BCG vaccine. To determine the duration of excretion and longevity of survival of BCG in the faeces of vaccinated animals.

METHODS: Possums (n=28) were vaccinated with lipid-formulated BCG (1 x 10 ⁸ colony forming units (cfu) of formulated BCG) by the oral route. Control possums (n=17) were fed oral bait pellets containing formulation medium only. Possums were sacrificed at 3 days and at 1, 3, 6 and 8 weeks after vaccination or ingestion of bait. Proliferation responses to bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) were measured in lymphocytes from blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and samples of lung, spleen, liver, MLN and Peyer's patches (PP) were cultured for the presence of BCG. The number of BCG organisms excreted in faeces and the duration of excretion were determined in eight vaccinated possums and eight control possums over a 3-week period. In a separate experiment, a further six possums were vaccinated with oral BCG vaccine (5–10 x 10 ⁸ cfu BCG/possum) and their faeces collected over 48–72 h, for culture of BCG. The longevity of survival of BCG in these faeces was determined by storing faecal samples (n=12) under three different conditions: in an incubator (22.5°C), and conditions which simulated the forest floor and open pasture. A proportion (1–2 g) of these faecal samples was collected after storage for 1, 3, 5, 8 or 20 weeks, and cultured for BCG.

RESULTS: Possums vaccinated orally with BCG vaccine showed strong proliferation responses to bovine PPD in peripheral blood lymphocytes at 6–8 weeks post-vaccination (p.v.). Positive lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) responses to bovine PPD were first evident in MLN at 3 weeks p.v. BCG was cultured from MLN and PP in a proportion of animals at 3–8 weeks p.v. BCG was not cultured from sections of spleen, lung or liver at any time p.v. BCG was recovered in low to moderate numbers from the faeces of vaccinated possums for up to 7 days, and maximal numbers were cultured in faeces collected 48–72 h p.v. After storage for 1 week, BCG was cultured from all faecal samples placed in the incubator and from a proportion of faeces exposed to conditions similar to those on the forest floor and pasture. With the exception of one faecal sample stored under forest floor conditions which was culture-positive for BCG at 3 and 5 weeks, BCG was not cultured from any other faecal sample stored for more than 1 week.

CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of oral BCG vaccine by possums was associated with the development of strong cell-mediated immunity in both blood and MLN. Following oral vaccination with BCG, the organisms were localised and persisted in GALT but did not spread to the spleen, liver or lungs. BCG was shed in low to moderate numbers in the faeces for up to 7 days p.v. The viability of BCG excreted in faeces decreased rapidly, particularly when faeces were exposed to an open pasture environment. Oral vaccination of possums with formulated BCG is unlikely to result in undue contamination of the environment with BCG.     

山羊痘病毒非必需基因区gp024基因的鉴定

为筛选山羊痘病毒(GTPV)的外源基因插入区,本研究以GTPV Pellor株为模板,设计2对引物,PCR扩增AV 41株GTPV_gp024基因相邻上下游长度约1.1 kb的同源重组片段,分别插入质粒pGPT-EGFP中.插入部位在痘病毒双向启动子p11～p7.5启动的报告基因EGFP-GPT上下游,构建转移载体pEG024,并转染已感染GTPV Av 41病毒的LT细胞,经GPT加压筛选7代后得到重组病毒.结果显示,重组病毒稳定表达报告基因EGFP,从而表明GTPV_gp024基因能够作为外源基因的插入区.     

Scrotal circumference,bodyweight and semen characteristics in growing dairy-breed natural-service bulls in Tasmania,Australia

Aims: To provide herd managers with a set of decision rules allowing them to predict the likelihood that a juvenile bull is ready for Bull Breeding Soundness Evaluation (BBSE), or breeding, if bodyweight and scrotal circumference are known.

Methods: This was a longitudinal study following two groups of young pasture-fed Holstein and Jersey bulls from northwest Tasmania, Australia. Individual scrotal circumference, bodyweight and semen characteristics were recorded at 6–8 weekly intervals, from 6–18 months of age. Classification and regression tree analyses were used to predict the probability that a bull had ≥70% normal sperm morphology based on scrotal circumference and bodyweight measurements.

Results: Overall 1,661 scrotal circumference and bodyweight measurements were obtained, and 518 semen samples from 356 bulls were assessed for sperm morphology, from 16 examination sessions that took place between 29 May 2015 and 17 August 2016. Classification and regression tree analyses generated a decision tree for Holstein bulls with four node endpoints, and for Jersey bulls with three node endpoints. Diagnostic test performance showed that for Holstein bulls, using the node endpoints of scrotal circumference ≥27?cm and bodyweight ≥349?kg, 98% had ≥70% normal sperm (positive likelihood ratio 10.4; 95% CI?=?2.7–41), and using the node endpoints of scrotal circumference ≥27?cm and bodyweight between 282–349?kg, 89% had ≥70% normal sperm (positive likelihood ratio 1.6; 95% CI?=?0.9–2.6). For Jersey bulls, using the node endpoints of bodyweight ≥259?kg and scrotal circumference ≥29?cm, 88% had ≥70% normal sperm (positive likelihood ratio 3.4; 95% CI?=?1.6–7.0).

Conclusions: This study provides a set of relatively simple decision rules based on bodyweight and scrotal circumference measurements that allows herd managers to assess the likelihood that juvenile bulls are ready for BBSE or breeding.

Abbreviations: BBSE: Bull breeding soundness evaluation; BRT: Boosted regression tree     

山羊MMP-9基因cDNA的克隆及生物信息学分析

为了克隆山羊基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)基因的cDNA片段,分析其基因序列,试验于无菌条件下采集泌乳期奶山羊乳腺组织并提取总RNA。根据已知其他物种的MMP-9基因保守性区域设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增MMP-9基因的CDS区,测序后对核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列进行分析,并对8个物种进行聚类分析。结果表明:得到长度为2 245 bp的MMP-9基因cD-NA片段(GenBank登录号为JQ670877),其中包含2 130 bp的CDS全长;核酸序列分析结果显示,该基因编码709个氨基酸,与人、小鼠和牛的核苷酸序列进行比对,相似性分别为84%、80%、96%,氨基酸相似性分别为79%、73%、94%。     

Retrospective evaluation of the use of small-bore wire-guided catheters for the management of peritoneal effusion in cats and dogs

Objective

To describe the use of small-bore wire-guided catheters in the management of peritoneal effusion in cats and dogs and to detail any associated adverse events.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

University teaching hospital

Animals

Forty-five client-owned animals that had peritoneal catheters placed for management of peritoneal effusion between July 2010 and June 2021.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Forty-five cases were included (25 dogs and 20 cats). Twenty-eight animals had the catheter placed to aid management of a uroabdomen, 8 of which recovered without surgical management, 11 had the catheter placed to allow autotransfusion of hemoabdomen, 3 had peritonitis, and 3 had ascites secondary to cardiac disease. Twenty-seven cases (15 dogs and 12 cats) received sedation (n = 24) or local anesthesia alone (n = 3) to facilitate catheter placement, and 6 cases had the catheter placed while under general anesthesia. Median length of catheter persistence was 24 hours (range: 2–144 h). The most common adverse events reported were impaired drainage (n = 7) and leakage at the insertion site (n = 4).

Conclusions

Peritoneal catheters can be inserted percutaneously for management of peritoneal effusion. Indications include stabilization and conservative management of uroabdomen, and autotransfusion. They can often be placed with minimal or no sedation and adverse events appear infrequent in occurrence.