Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

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Dry or wet? What is the best choice to determine gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes in females of Macrobrachium amazonicum?

The gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes are widely used for the evaluation of reproductive biology in crustaceans. However, the use of either wet or dry weight for estimating these indexes is not standardized in the literature. Here, we compare the GSI and HSI indexes based on wet and dry samples of females of Macrobrachium amazonicum from populations with different phenotypes (large and small‐size prawns) as a model. In our analysis, for GSI, the application of wet weight tended to overestimate the values recorded in the initial (I‐II) and intermediate (III) stages of ovarian development, and underestimate the results in the final (IV‐V) stages when compared to the use of dry weight. This could be attributed to the reduction in cytoplasmic organelles and water content of the cytosol due to the increase in yolk and lipids in the oocytes throughout ovarian development. For HSI, no significant differences were detected between wet and dry samples. However, the dry HSI computed at all stages of development was overestimated when compared to the use of wet samples, and only the hepatopancreas of females at the final stage (V) showed a significant decrease in water content. Thus, our results indicate that M. amazonicum females maintain constant hepatopancreatic reserves throughout ovarian development. In this way, the use of dry weight is more adequate to estimate GSI and HSI in this species.     

Yield trade-off and the role of parental selection based on seed size when breeding for soybean seed protein

Alternative physiological strategies can increase protein concentration in soybean: (i) more-than-proportional increases in seed protein content (mg seed⁻¹) relative to increases in carbohydrate and oil content in large-seeded genotypes or (ii) more-than-proportional reductions in carbohydrate and/or oil content relative to protein content reductions in small-seeded genotypes. Because these strategies differentially affect crop growth and development, we hypothesized that populations developed from high-protein (HP) parents with contrasting seed sizes will present differences in how seed yield and protein concentration correlate. To test this, three breeding strategies were developed by mating high-yielding cultivars and HP ones that differ in seed sizes, reflecting the alternative strategies mentioned above. Neither tested crossing strategies showed differences in their correlation values between seed yield and protein concentration, as initially expected. Nevertheless, populations developed from crossing a HP-small-seeded parent to a HP-large-seeded one showed the highest number of transgressive segregants for protein yield. Our results showed that parent selection based on seed size has no beneficial effects on the development of high-yielding, HP soybean populations, but it might affect the number of transgressive segregants for protein yield.     

The effect of live feeds bathed with the red seaweed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asparagopsis armata</Emphasis> on the survival,growth and physiology status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis> larvae

Larval rearing is affected by a wide range of microorganisms that thrive in larviculture systems. Some seaweed species have metabolites capable of reducing the bacterial load. However, no studies have yet tested whether including seaweed metabolites on larval rearing systems has any effects on the larvae development. This work assessed the development of Sparus aurata larvae fed preys treated with an Asparagopsis armata product. Live prey, Brachionus spp. and Artemia sp., were immersed in a solution containing 0.5% of a commercial extract of A. armata (Ysaline 100, YSA) for 30 min, before being fed to seabream larvae (n = 4 each). In the control, the live feed was immersed in clear water. Larval parameters such as growth, survival, digestive capacity (structural-histology and functional-enzymatic activity), stress level (cortisol content), non-specific immune response (lysozyme activity), anti-bacterial activity (disc-diffusion assay) and microbiota quantification (fish larvae gut and rearing water) were monitored. Fish larvae digestive capacity, stress level and non-specific immune response were not affected by the use of YSA. The number of Vibrionaceae was significantly reduced both in water and larval gut when using YSA. Growth was enhanced for YSA treatment, but higher mortality was also observed, especially until 10 days after hatching (DAH). The mortality peak observed at 8 DAH for both treatments, but higher for YSA, indicates larval higher susceptibility at this development stage, suggesting that lower concentrations of YSA should be used until 10 DAH. The application of YSA after 10 DAH onwards promotes a safer rearing environment.     

The Effectiveness of Official Methods to Measure the Real Glazing Percentage in Frozen Seafood: An Analysis with Frozen Pacific White Shrimp (L. vannamei)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of official methods to quantify the real glazing percentage in frozen Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with different glazing percentages. Samples of frozen peeled shrimp were glazed with cold water (0 ± 1°C) at glazing levels of 15, 30, 40, 50, and 60%. The glazing percentage was quantified based on Brazilian methodologies (INMETRO and MAPA) and International methodologies (CODEX, AOAC, and NIST). The official methods were inefficient in quantifying the real glazing percentage, especially with regard to the samples containing higher glazing percentages (> 30%). As an alternative, changes were done to improve the glazing measurement method (mix of the best parameters from all methodologies), which best describes the reliable value of the glazing percentage of frozen shrimp samples and confirms that this methodology can be an alternative used by inspectors after collaborative study for validation. In this sense, a critical review and possible changes in the official methodologies may be suggested in order to improve them for use to combat economic fraud in the seafood frozen products.     

Genetic differences between sexes for morphometric traits of GIFT tilapia

The study was carried out to verify the genetic differences in the morphometric traits between male and female tilapia GIFT under the selection for weight gain. The data set used contained information of 6650 animals of the third (2198), fourth (1720) and fifth (2732) generations of GIFT in Brazil, in addition to the 8590 animals, of the first five generations, included in the relationship matrix. The morphometric traits used were standard length (SL: 19.8 ± 1.7), body depth (BD: 7.6 ± 0.76), body width (BW: 3.5 ± 0.54), body area (BA: 151.3 ± 27.6) and body volume (BV: 536.7 ± 143.5). Bicharacter analyses were performed considering the same morphometric measure evaluated for each sex as different traits to estimate the (co)variance components. The heritability and environmental common effects of the larval and fry phases for each trait of each sex were estimated. Genetic correlations between males and females for the same body trait were estimated. The larval effect was higher for females (SL = 0.1; BD = 0.07; BW = 0.05; BA = 0.09; BV = 0.09) than for males (SL = 0.04; BD = 0.03, BW = 0.01, BA = 0.04; BV = 0.03), while the fry effect was similar between the sexes. The heritability of males (SL = 0.25; BD = 0.3; BW = 0.33; BA = 0.31; BV = 0.35) was, in general, higher than those present in females (SL = 0.19; BD = 0.2, BW = 0.18, BA = 0.2; BV = 0.2), and the genetic correlations between males and females were below 0.5 (SL = 0.5; BD = 0.39, BW = 0.42, BA = 0.45; BV = 0.43). Thus, it can be seen that the males respond differently to the females in terms of body shape, of the selection for weight gain.     

Randomly Truncated Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Models

A class of truncated nonlinear mixed-effects models is constructed by assuming that the variable of interest follows a truncated distribution parametrized by a location and a scale parameter. The location parameter of the responses is associated with a nonlinear continuous function of covariates and unknown parameters, and with unobserved random effects. We also assume the scale parameter of the responses to be characterized by a known continuous function of covariates and unknown parameters. Maximum likelihood estimator of the parameters is obtained by direct maximization of the log-likelihood function via an iterative procedure, and diagnostic analysis tools are considered to check for model adequacy. A data set consisting of observations on soil-water retention from a soil profile from the Buriti Vermelho River Basin database is analyzed using the proposed methodology.