Untersuchungen über Falterabundanzen des Bekreuzten TraubenwicklersLobesia botrana Schiff. im Weinbau

Zusammenfassung Im Jahr 1994 wurde eine bereits 1993 entwickelte und erprobte Fangvorrichtung eingesetzt, um Fragen zu Populationsdichtebewegungen beiL. botrana zu beantworten. Insbesondere wurden Untersuchungen zur Abundanzdynamik und zur absoluten Abundanz von Faltern beider Geschlechter durchgeführt. So konnten Verschiebungen im Geschlechterverhältnis während der Flugperiode nachgewiesen werden. Ursache dieser Geschlechterverschiebung waren unterschiedliche Entwicklungszeiten der Präimaginalstadien bei Männchen und Weibchen. Berechnungen zur absoluten Abundanz von Faltern der 2. Generation ergaben Gesamt-Falterdichten zwischen 33 und 209 Faltern pro 10 m². Die Anzahl der an Trauben abgelegten Eier je Falterweibchen betrug etwa 30. Für das Verhältnis zwischen Falterdichte und Ei- bzw. Larvendichte konnten Korrelationen errechnet werden. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der ersten und zweiten Generation hinsichtlich des Massenwechsels war nicht feststellbar. Ein vorläufige Bestimmung der kritischen Falterdichte, die im Zusammenhang mit der Anwendung von Pheromonen zur Paarungsstörung von Interesse ist, konnte vorgenommen werden. Sie lag bei maximal 4 männlichen und 4 weiblichen Faltern pro 10 m².

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Investigations on abundances of the grape mothLobesia botrana Schiff. in viticulture

In 1994 a catching device, which had been developed and tested in 1993, was used for answering questions about population density movements inL. botrana. Investigations were focused on abundance dynamics and absolute abundances of moths of both sexes. Movements of the sex ratio are shown. These movements are due to different developmental periods of premature stages of males and females. Calculations on the absolute abundance of moths of the second generation amounted to densities between 33 and 209 moths per 10 m². The number of eggs laid on bunches of grapes equalled approximately 30 per female. The density of moths and densities of eggs and larvae correlated. Densities of first generation larval populations and second generation moths populations of the pest showed no correlation. A temporary determination of the critical density of moths, which is important for the application of pheromones in mating disruption, was achieved. The upper limit equalled 4 male and 4 female moths per 10 m².

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Mit 2 Abbildungen und 3 Tabellen     

Predispersal seed predation in Acacia macrostachya,its impact on seed viability,and germination responses to scarification and dry heat treatments

Predispersal seed predation among individual Acacia macrostachya trees over two sites in Burkina Faso was assessed. In addition, the effects of seed predation on seed viability; germination responses to scarification (mechanical, hot water at 60, 70 and 80°C, and sulphuric acid for 10, 20 and 30 min) and dry heat (at 60, 70 and 80°C for 15, 30 and 60 min each) treatments were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results indicated a large difference in predation intensity among individual trees, as well as between sites. Predispersal predation significantly decreased seed germination, particularly when the number of insect larvae per seed increased. Scarified and unscarified seeds germinated equally well, except for hot water treatments of high temperature. This indicates lack of physical dormancy and dispersed seeds can readily germinate provided that conditions for germination are conducive. Seeds exposed to dry heat treatments also germinated close to 97% under low intensity and short exposure times. This suggests that fire, under natural condition, plays a key role in triggering germination of A. macrostachya seeds.     

Antagonistic effect of indigenous skin bacteria of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) against Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum

Industrial fish production exposes fish to potentially stressful conditions, which in turn may induce infections by opportunistic pathogens. Probiotics appear to be a promising way to prevent opportunistic infections in aquaculture. In this study, we tested the inhibitory potential of endogenous bacterial communities found in the mucus of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) against two major pathogens Flavobacterium columnare and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Nine bacterial strains were isolated from brook charr skin mucus and tested for potential antagonistic activity. Results from both agar diffusion assays and broth co-culture assays showed the presence of antagonism. We identified seven bacterial strains, collected from unstressed fish, which exerted strong antagonism against F. psychrophilum and/or F. columnare. These strains were mixed and used to treat columnaris disease in an in vivo experiment in which four distinct fish families were tested. This treatment resulted in a decrease of mortality (54-86%) across fish families indicating that candidates from the host microbiota are potentially suitable for probiotic development. This would allow for the efficient (ability to adhere and colonize the host mucus) and durable management (antagonistic effect against pathogens which would be harmless for the host and safe for its environment) of opportunistic diseases in aquaculture.     

From parasite genomes to one healthy world: Are we having fun yet?

In 1990, the Human Genome Sequencing Project was established. This laid the ground work for an explosion of sequence data that has since followed. As a result of this effort, the first complete genome of an animal, Caenorhabditis elegans was published in 1998. The sequence of Drosophila melanogaster was made available in March, 2000 and in the following year, working drafts of the human genome were generated with the completed sequence (92%) being released in 2003. Recent advancements and next-generation technologies have made sequencing common place and have infiltrated every aspect of biological research, including parasitology. To date, sequencing of 32 apicomplexa and 24 nematode genomes are either in progress or near completion, and over 600k nematode EST and 200k apicomplexa EST submissions fill the databases. However, the winds have shifted and efforts are now refocusing on how best to store, mine and apply these data to problem solving. Herein we tend not to summarize existing X-omics datasets or present new technological advances that promise future benefits. Rather, the information to follow condenses up-to-date-applications of existing technologies to problem solving as it relates to parasite research. Advancements in non-parasite systems are also presented with the proviso that applications to parasite research are in the making.     

Central roles for IL-2 and MCP-1 following intranasal exposure to SEB: a new mouse model

Murine models for bacterial superantigens like staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) have to date been rather cumbersome. The reasons include: (1) necessary use of potentiating agents such as actinomycin D, d-galactosamine, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or viruses; (2) high toxin amounts required to elicit effects; and/or (3) generation of phenotypic-stable transgenic animals. Our study employed readily available C3H/HeJ (TLR4 negative, LPS-nonresponsive) mice with intranasal and intraperitoneal administration of low microgram quantities of SEB. These animals responded to SEB with severe lung inflammation and hypothermia, culminating in death. A survey of cytokines/chemokines in sera and lungs after lethal intoxication revealed that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-2 were associated with effects in this model. In contrast, SEB had minimal effects upon congenic (TLR4 positive, LPS-responsive) C3H/OuJ mice. Lethality of SEB in C3H/HeJ mice was neutralized with SEB-specific antibodies, suggesting potential utility of this model for future therapeutic studies.     

The role of tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in health and disease states

Objective – To review the veterinary and human literature on the role of tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in health and disease states.
Data Sources – Original research articles and scientific reviews from both human and veterinary literature were searched for relevance to TF and TFPI.
Human Data Synthesis – Interest in both TF and TFPI has grown widely over the last several years. The impact TF plays in coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, and cellular signaling has become apparent. Treatment with TFPI for severe sepsis has been examined and is still currently under investigation. Inhibition of the TF pathway is being studied as an aid in the treatment of neoplasia. The important physiologic and pathophysiologic role these molecules play has only begun to be understood.
Veterinary Data Synthesis – There is a paucity of publications that discuss the importance of TF and TFPI in veterinary medicine. An enhanced understanding of the TF pathway in human medicine, in experimental animal models treating sepsis with TFPI, and in animal models demonstrating the proangiogenic properties of TF provides relevance to veterinary medicine.
Conclusion – It is apparent that TF and TFPI are important in health and disease. An enhanced understanding of the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of these factors provides better insight into coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and tumor metastasis. This greater understanding may provide for the development of therapeutics for sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and neoplasia.