Nutrient digestibility of angling baits for carp, Cyprinus carpio, with implications for groundbait formulation and eutrophication control

Abstract  To evaluate the suitability of angling groundbaits as a fish feed and the potential for nutrient loss, the macronutrient digestibility of four groundbaits was investigated in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., using a sieving method of faeces collection and chromic oxide. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein and lipids were >80% for all angling baits. ADCs of nitrogen-free extracts and phosphorus (P) differed significantly between the test diets, probably because of divergent feed compositions and ingredient treatments. The generally high digestibility estimates indicated that fish feeding on angling groundbait will benefit from this food source. The differences in nutrient digestibility suggested that type of groundbait and ingredient used will have a major effect on potential eutrophication and fish production caused by groundbaiting. The principle of groundbaits to protect the environment should be to minimise the P-content of the groundaits and maximising P-digestibility and P-retention efficiency.     

Morphological Considerations in the Pathogenesis of Paratuberculosis in Goats

Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberuclosis . To investigate the efficacy of assays for early diagnosis, experimental infections were performed in goat kids. Oral doses of M. a. paratuberculosis were administered to goat kids over extended periods and the resulting infection was followed for 12–24 months. Complementary experiments were performed on goat kids vaccinated against M. a. paratuberculosis . Immunological, pathological and morphological examinations were undertaken in both these experimental systems. The analysis of results from these experiment series provided novel insights into the influence of the biology of gut-associated lymphoid tissue on the progress of disease, into the character of the tissue granuloma and its dominance of the local tissue response and into the relationship between the local and systemic immune responses.     

Long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success in a large lake: interplay between availability of suitable prey and size at release

Abstract –  Factors affecting long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success were examined in a large lake, Lake Oulujärvi, in central Finland. Brown trout were stocked in spring (late May to early June) in 1974–1991 and in summer (late June to early July) in 1992–2001. The biomass of the vendace, Coregonus albula (L.), population (prey) at release time had the largest positive effect on stocking success within both periods: biomass of adult vendace in spring and both 0+ and adult vendace in summer. Increasing the size of stocked fish had a positive effect if the vendace available at release were only adults. The increasing trend of predator-catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) [combined CPUE of northern pike Esox lucius L., burbot Lota lota (L.), and pike-perch Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)] through the study period and its negative effect on trout stocking success suggested an increasing effect of predation within the entire time series.     

Effects of pesticides and fertilizer on invertebrate populations of grass and wheat plots in Kent in relation to productivity and yield

At a site in Kent, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) variety S24 and Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) variety RVP, wheat varieties Armada and Norman, and the original mixed grass ley were grown in small plots during 1982–84. Two toxic pesticides (phorate and aldicarb) were applied to half the total number of plots three times each year to eliminate soil invertebrate populations. Fertilizer was also applied to most plots. The yields of the crops, grown with and without pesticide, and the effects of the fertilizer were compared. Grass herbage yield was measured on three occasions during the summers of 1983 and 1984. Wheat grain yields were also determined in 1983. During the first year significant differences were not apparent in grass dry matter yield between pesticide-treated and non-treated plots, but significant differences were found in the second year. The perennial ryegrass was more susceptible to pest damage than the Italian ryegrass or the grass ley. Grass yields varied between cuts and in relation to variety and pesticide treatment, yields tending to be greater in untreated plots. Fertilizer treatment greatly increased grass dry matter yields, particularly with the Italian ryegrass. The effects of pesticide treatment on both wheat varieties varied although some yield enhancement was evident. Invertebrate animal populations in pesticide and fertilizer-treated plots were also assessed in autumn 1982, spring and autumn 1983 and spring 1984. In contrast to pesticide treatment, fertilizer treatment had little effect on soil invertebrate populations. Nematode populations were reduced at each sampling occasion by the pesticide treatment. Slug populations were initially unaffected but were subsequently reduced. Leatherjackets, by far the most abundant pest in both grass and wheat plots, were markedly affected by pesticides on all sampling occasions. Generally, fewer soil-dwelling dipterous larvae were recovered in spring than in autumn. Stem-boring dipterous larvae were virtually absent.     

Qntgegnung auf die im Abgeordnetenhaufe zu Berlin in der Sisung vom 3. Decbr. 1867 gegen das hannover’fche Forftmefen gefallenen Aeuserungen. Qin Schreiben des Forftdirectors Burdhardt an bie Mitglieder bes Landtags aus der Brobing Hannober. 14 Seiten in 4°. Hannober. Q. Rümpler 1868. Breis 18 fr

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Ueber die praktifche Berwendung der vom Forftmeifter Alers zu Helmftädt erfundenen Flügelfäge

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