Potential for dissemination of the nonnative salmonid parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in Alaska

Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxozoan parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, was first introduced into the United States in 1958 and has since spread across the country, causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain western United States. The recent detection of the parasite in Alaska is further evidence of the species' capability to invade and colonize new habitat. This study qualitatively assesses the risk of further spread and establishment of M. cerebralis in Alaska. We examine four potential routes of dissemination: human movement of fish, natural dispersal by salmonid predators and straying salmon, recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. Potential for establishment was evaluated by examining water temperatures, spatial and temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the oligochaete host, Tubifex tubifex. The most likely pathway of M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish by stocking. The extent of M. cerebralis infection in Alaskan salmonid populations is unknown, but if the parasite becomes dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in areas of south-central Alaska. The probability of further establishment is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and the proximity of this system to the known area of infection make conditions particularly suitable for spread of the parasite.     

壳聚糖-山梨酸复合涂膜对宣城圆枣保鲜效果的影响

针对鲜食红枣成熟后贮藏期短,商品性会随贮藏期延长而降低等问题,以宣城圆枣为试材,采用5个浓度(0.1%、0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%)壳聚糖与浓度为0.1%的山梨酸混合,配制成复合保鲜液,对其进行涂膜保鲜处理。结果表明:在4℃条件下,壳聚糖-山梨酸复合涂膜处理在一定程度上能延缓宣城圆枣果实失重率与腐烂率上升的速度,同时抑制硬度及VC含量的下降,从而延缓果实的成熟衰老进程,提高贮藏品质,延长货架期。通过对各项果实品质指标数据的综合分析得出,复合涂膜溶液的最佳使用浓度为0.25%壳聚糖+0.1%山梨酸。     

基于植被供水指数的藏北地区土壤湿度反演研究

【目的】利用光学遥感数据获取的植被供水指数来反演西藏那曲地区的土壤湿度,结合高分辨率的遥感数据(GF-1)和中低分辨率的遥感数据(Landsat、MODIS)分别建立土壤湿度反演模型,通过比较不同空间尺度反演模型的精度和适用性,拓宽国产高分遥感数据在农牧业信息定量获取等方面的应用范围,为"天地网一体化"的现代农业信息获取和农情信息遥感监测提供理论基础。【方法】以西藏那曲地区为研究区,以代表高、中、低分辨率卫星数据的高分一号(GF-1)、Landsat-8及MODIS影像数据和土壤湿度实测数据为数据源,利用植被供水指数(Vegetation Supply Water Index,VSWI)构建土壤湿度反演模型,比较3种遥感影像在反演土壤湿度方面的差异。【结果】(1)VSWI反演土壤湿度的最佳深度为10 cm左右;(2)基于GF-1、Landsat-8和MODIS构建的反演模型得到的土壤湿度预测值与实测值的均方根误差分别为5.145、5.227和6.298,可见GF-1和Landsat-8的反演效果相当,均优于MODIS的反演效果;GF-1土壤反演模型的拟合效果最佳;(3)研究区土壤湿度在空间上呈东南向西北递减的趋势,与实地采样点的土壤湿度分布趋势一致,说明利用高分辨率遥感数据监测土壤湿度是可行的。【结论】利用GF-1遥感数据和植被供水指数可以实现对藏北地区的土壤湿度反演,研究结果可以为干旱或者半干旱地区大范围的土壤墒情监测提供理论依据和实践参考。     

脱绒棉种分选关键技术研究现状——基于机器视觉技术

棉种的优劣直接影响棉花的产量和质量,而机器视觉技术在种子的检测与分级中发挥重要的作用.为此,基于机器视觉技术,分析了脱绒棉种分选系统在硬件方面关键技术的研究现状,总结了脱绒棉种在图像处理中的分选算法,并随着分选的自动化与智能化的不断提高,提出了今后的发展趋势.     

奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌及其分离鉴定方法研究进展

导致奶牛乳房炎的因素很多,但病原微生物是导致乳房炎的最主要病因.了解奶牛乳房炎病原菌及其分离鉴定方法,对于乳房炎的预防和治疗以及疫苗的研制均有非常重要的指导作用.文章就奶牛乳房炎病菌种类、特点及分离鉴定方法的研究进行了综述,为奶牛乳房炎的预防、治疗提供可靠的依据.     

Unity in function in the absence of consensus in sequence: role of leader peptides in export

Passage of proteins across membranes during export from their site of synthesis to their final destination is mediated by leader peptides that paradoxically exhibit a unity of function in spite of a diversity of sequence. These leader peptides act in at least two stages of the export process: at entry into the pathway and subsequently during translocation across the membrane. How selectivity is imposed on the system in the absence of a consensus among the sequences of leader peptides is the main issue discussed here.     

斜插式嫁接机砧木子叶气吸夹结构及作业参数优化试验

针对目前插接式瓜类自动嫁接机作业过程中,砧木夹持采用的压苗机构,普遍存在机构复杂、机构动作耗时影响作业生产率等问题,开发了一种砧木子叶气吸夹。该文以瓜类嫁接生产中常用的黑籽南瓜砧木标准苗和黄瓜接穗标准苗为作业对象,通过砧木子叶展平特性测定和气吸夹结构与作业参数优化试验研究,确定了气吸夹的优化结构与作业参数,并在2JC-600B型斜插嫁接机上进行了带压苗机构砧木夹与砧木子叶气吸夹性能对比试验。结果表明：在气源工作压力0.25 MPa、吸孔直径4 mm、吸孔距生长点距离30 mm时,气吸夹展平子叶成功率可达100%;与压苗机构砧木夹相比,采用气吸夹可减轻操作者熟练程度对嫁接机作业性能的影响,提高子叶展平成功率和嫁接成功率,对于熟练操作者,在满足嫁接作业质量要求的情况下可减少砧木上苗作业时间1 s,使嫁接生产率由514株/h增至600株/h,提高16.7%。该研究结果可为斜插式嫁接机的开发设计提供参考。     

Productivity and water use of alfalfa and subsequent crops in the semiarid Loess Plateau with different stand ages of alfalfa and crop sequences

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plays an important role in crop–livestock mixed farming on marginal land in the semiarid Loess Plateau. However, the duration, yield performance and water use of long-term alfalfa stands and choice of appropriate subsequent crops are not clear. A 5-year field experiment was conducted at Zhonglianchuan, Gansu Province, China from 2001 to 2005. Productivity and water use were determined and compared between (1) three alfalfa stands that were 1–5 (A1–5), 6–10 (A6–10) and 11–15 (A11–15) years old during the trial; (2) alfalfa using conventional cultivation and a water-harvesting technique (RA1–5); and (3) conventional crop rotation (CK) and four 5-year crop sequence rotations sown after 10-year-old alfalfa had been ploughed, being millet–wheat–potato–pea–potato (MWLPL); millet–corn–corn–wheat–wheat (MCCWW); millet–potato–wheat–corn–corn (MLWCC) and millet–fallow–pea–potato–pea (MFPLP). Forage yield peaked in 7-year-old alfalfa (5740 kg ha⁻¹), but 9-year-old alfalfa had the maximum forage yield profit (4477 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) in terms of whole growing years. Soil water use efficiency (WUE_S in terms of forage yield and soil water use) of alfalfa increased dramatically up to the 11th year, and then leveled off from year 12 to 15. Forage yield and WUE_B/ET (WUE in terms of aboveground biomass and evapotranspiration) of alfalfa were significantly higher using water harvesting compared with conventional cultivation, but were significantly lower than CK. Soil water content did not change in CK as stand age increased, but it decreased in conventional alfalfa stands. After 10 years of alfalfa, a fallow year was not necessary before planting annual crops as soil water was greatly restored after sowing subsequent annual crops. Yield of some crops in the four crop sequence rotations did not differ significantly from CK. MWLPL and MLWCC had more aboveground biomass than MCCWW and MFPLP but the choice of crop sequence needs to be further considered.     

长江流域麦(油)后直播棉增效缩节胺化学封顶技术研究

【目的】明确长江流域麦(油)后直播棉应用增效缩节胺(25%DPC水剂,简称DPC+)进行化学封顶的可行性。【方法】于2015―2017年在江苏大丰、安徽宿松和湖北武汉开展田间试验,采用随机区组设计,以人工打顶为对照,研究化学封顶时期(人工打顶同期、人工打顶后5 d)和封顶剂DPC+剂量(750,1 125,1 500 m L·hm^-2)对麦(油)后直播棉农艺性状及经济性状的影响。【结果】与人工打顶相比,DPC+化学封顶处理的株高和果枝数增加(最多分别增加21.6 cm和4.8个),中部和上部果枝(尤其是上部果枝)缩短,除个别点次外果节数不受影响。在不同环境条件下,化学封顶处理的产量多与人工打顶相当,低剂量DPC+处理的产量在降水量大的年份有一定程度下降,化学封顶时期对产量影响较小。【结论】应用DPC+对长江流域麦(油)后直播棉进行化学封顶有较好的可行性,未来需进一步优化技术参数、建立稳发稳长的配套栽培技术体系。     

几个新光温敏水稻核不育系在南京自然条件下的育性表现

两系法超级杂交稻的育种实践表明,发展两系法杂交稻,光温敏核不育系是基础和关键。中国每年都有新的光温敏核不育系作为育种材料进入配组利用,但真正投入生产应用且产生经济和社会效益的并不多[1~3]。据杨远柱等[4]统计,在82个通过省级技术鉴定的光温敏不育系中,只有15个不育系