Absorption,translocation, and remobilization of cadmium supplied at different growth stages of rice

Cadmium (Cd) is absorbed by rice root and transferred into the other rice organs including grain. A solution-culture experiment was conducted to investigate the absorption and distribution of Cd supplied at different growth stages of rice. Two rice cultivars, a japonica ‘Chucheong’ and a tongil-type ‘Milyang23’ that exhibit high and low ability of Cd absorption by root and accumulation in grain were grown in culture solution and subjected to 2 ppm CdCl2 treatment for 2 weeks at four different growth stages: before panicle initiation stage (BPI), after panicle initiation stage (API), early ripening stage (ER), and mid-ripening stage (MR). Cd concentration and accumulation in rice organs were measured at harvest. The two rice cultivars accumulated two to three times greater amounts of Cd in grain in the two Cd treatments before heading (BPI and API treatments) than in the Cd treatment after heading (ER and MR treatment). The higher grain Cd accumulation in BPI and API treatments was not attributed to the higher Cd uptake but to the higher translocation from root to shoot and the higher redistribution from shoot to grain than ER and MR treatments These results imply that the remobilization of Cd through phloem during leaf senescence is the major process for Cd accumulation in rice grain rather than direct transport of absorbed Cd through the xylem-phloem transfer to grain. ‘Milyang23’ absorbed significantly smaller amount of Cd than ‘Chucheong’. However, ‘Milyang23’ accumulated more than a three times larger amount of Cd in grain compared to ‘Chucheong’ as the former exhibited the higher root-shoot translocation and shoot-grain remobilization as well. It indicates that the greater Cd translocation from root to shoot and subsequent higher Cd remobilization from shoot to grain, not the higher absorption ability, have led to the higher Cd accumulation and concentration in grain of ‘Milyang23’.     

Dyeing properties of novel azo disperse dyes derived from phthalimide and color fastness on poly(lactic acid) fiber

The coloration of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fiber with 18 carbocyclic monoazo disperse dyes bearing a hydrolyzable phthalimide ring fused to the aromatic ring of their diazo components has been investigated. The phthalimidyl nitrogen atom was substituted with either a n-butyl, sec-butyl, or isopropyl group, while the adjoining phenyl ring bore a substitution pattern typical of commercial colorants. There was a broad correlation between percentage dye exhaustion onto PLA and that onto polyester (PET) fiber, although significant differences in certain instances were apparent with no clear trends regarding dye structure. Attempts to explain the observed percentage exhaustion values by mapping them to calculated partition coefficient or solubility parameter values were unsuccessful. Wash fastness was relatively good compared to that of some conventional disperse dyes applied to PLA. As was found to be the case with PET, the wash fastness of dyes on PLA tended to be highest when their diazo ring was substituted with electron acceptors.     

Complementary effect of Phloxine B on the insecticidal efficacy of Isaria fumosorosea SFP‐198 wettable powder against greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum West.

BACKGROUND: Insecticidal activities of five photoactive dyes against greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum West., in tomatoes were investigated to improve the control efficacy of an entomopathogenic fungal product, Isaria fumosorosea SFP‐198 wettable powder (WP). Azorubine, Eosin B, Erythrosine, Brilliant Green and Phloxine B were used in this work, accompanying pyriproxyfen emulsifiable concentrate (EC) as a commercial standard for comparison. RESULTS: Phloxine B had the highest control efficacy in glasshouse conditions. The most suitable dose of Phloxine B was determined as 0.005 g L^?1, given the dosage‐dependent control efficacy and phytotoxicity of the dye, and its influence on the germination of SFP‐198 conidia. In field conditions, SFP‐198 WP + Phloxine B (2 + 0.005 g L^?1; tank mix) showed 89.1 and 95.3% control efficacy 7 and 14 days post‐application, which was significantly higher than the efficacy of SFP‐198 WP alone (43.5 and 64.0%), Phloxine B (47.5 and 30.7%) or pyriproxyfen EC (67.7 and 80.2%). CONCLUSION: Phloxine B cooperates with SFP‐198 WP complementarily, possibly in the order of killing action (early: Phloxine B; late: SFP‐198 WP). The dye can be incorporated into SFP‐198 WP to improve its efficacy and applied to other Hypocrelean entomopathogenic fungal products. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dyeing properties and color fastness of 100% <Emphasis Type="Italic">meta</Emphasis>-aramid fiber

Dyeing characteristics and fastness of 100 % m-aramid fiber with some commercial dyes were investigated on various dyeing conditions, such as using a swelling agent and electrolyte as auxiliaries. Among commercial dyes used, the basic dyes showed comparatively higher exhaustion yield comparing to those of disperse dyes and acid dyes. Under acidic conditions in the range pH 3 to 5, preferably between pH 3 and 4, the stability of cationic dyes could be enhanced leading to higher adsorption. Dye exhaustions of trichromatic dyes were increased proportionally to concentration of swelling agents ranging from 1 to 4 g/l. The addition of electrolyte provided increased K/S values after washing process compared with those of blank dyeings, where the greatest effect was observed with NaNO₃.     

Bovine herpes virus expressing envelope protein (E2) of bovine viral diarrhea virus as a vaccine candidate.

The gene encoding the envelope protein (E2) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was expressed under the thymidine kinase (TK) promoter of Korean bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) isolate. Thymidine kinase negative (TK-) BHV-1 recombinants expressing E2 of BVDV were constructed and the expression of E2 was identified by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Compared to wild type BHV-1, the recombinant BHV-1 had a delayed cytopathogenic effect in cells. The immunogenicity of the recombinant BHV-1 was examined in guinea pigs and cattle. Although an increase in body temperature was detected for a few days, the inoculated cattle returned to normal temperature with the development of neutralizing antibodies to BVDV.     

Linkage relationship between two genes conferring resistance to peanut stripe virus and soybean mosaic

Summary The possible linkage relationship between hypocotyl color, leaflet shape, resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and to a soybean isolate of peanut stripe virus (PStV-isolate PN) was examined in two soybean lines AGS 129 and Ankur.Hypocotyl color, leaf shape and reactions to SMV-G1 and PStV were found to be inherited monogenically, with purple hypocotyl color, ovate leaf shape and resistance to both of the viruses being dominant. The reactions to SMV and PStV were conditioned by genes with 9 ± 2.4 percent recombination as coupling phase. They were inherited independently from hypocotyl color and leaf shape.     

A Gartner duct cyst of the vagina causing dysuria and dyschezia in a Yorkshire Terrier

A 5 year-old, intact female Yorkshire terrier was referred for dysuria and dyschezia. The radiographic and ultrasound examination showed a round shaped mass caudal to the urinary bladder that contained anechoic fluid within the thin walls. During surgery, the cyst was noted to be attached to the outer wall of the vagina, not connected to the vaginal lumen. Cystic fluid was removed and the cystic wall was resected. Then the remaining cystic wall was omentalized to prevent a recurrence.Histological examination confirmed that the cyst was of Wolffian duct origin. In this case, a large Gartner duct cyst causing urological problems was diagnosed and removed by surgical resection.     

Subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase gene expression and fatty acid composition in calf- and yearling-fed Angus steers

We proposed that stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity dictates fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and muscle in beef cattle, regardless of ruminal or hepatic fatty acid hydrogenation or desaturation. Twelve Angus steers were assigned to a calf-fed (CF) group and slaughtered at weaning (8 mo of age; n=4), 12 mo of age (n=4), or 16 mo of age (n=4). Twelve steers were assigned to a yearling-fed (YF) group and slaughtered at 12 mo of age (n=4), 16 mo of age (n=4), and 17.5 mo of age (n=4; 525 kg, market weight). Data were analyzed based on time on the corn-based finishing diet, with terminal age as a covariate, and orthogonal polynomial contrasts were tested on the main effects of treatment group and time on the finishing diet. Fatty acids from duodenal digesta, plasma, liver, LM, and subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue were measured, and SCD gene expression was measured in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues. In duodenal digesta, palmitic and linoleic acids increased by 100% over the sampling period, α-linolenic acid decreased over the sampling period, and trans-vaccenic acid was greater in YF than in CF steers (all P < 0.01). The proportion of α-linolenic acid decreased over time in all tissues, including liver. The SCD index (ratio of SCD fatty acid products to SCD fatty acid substrates) increased over time in LM and in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues. The SCD:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA ratio was virtually undetectable at the initial sampling periods in subcutaneous adipose tissue of YF and CF steers, and it increased over time (P < 0.01). The SCD index and SCD:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ratio were greater in intramuscular adipose tissue of CF steers than in that of YF steers. The SCD index did not change over time in liver and decreased over time in duodenal digesta. We conclude that, unlike essential fatty acids, the SFA and MUFA composition of adipose tissue is regulated by adipose tissue fatty acid desaturation, with little contribution from hepatic or duodenal fatty acids.     

Characterization of outer membrane protein-enriched extracts from Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys

Outer membrane protein (OMP)-enriched extracts of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida were examined by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Culture medium did not have a significant effect on the OMP profiles of strains of P multocida examined; however, in vivo propagation had an appreciable effect on the OMP profile composition of the reference strain P-1059. Such bacteria, expressed several additional OMP in the 27-kD, 48-kD, 56-kD, 60-kD, 80-kD, and 94-kD molecular mass regions. These OMP were not detected in the electrophorogram of strain P-1059 grown in vitro. The OMP profiles of reference strains of the 16 serotypes of P multocida did not identify any serotype-specific protein markers. Field strains of serotype A:3 had variation in OMP profiles and did not express OMP that all were identical to that expressed by the reference strain P-1059. The live attenuated CU and M9 bacterial vaccine strains expressed strain-specific OMP markers of 48-kD and 45-kD molecular masses, respectively. These strain-specific OMP markers may be used to differentiate these strains from virulent field strains that are of the same serotype and isolated from turkeys that have succumbed to pasteurellosis as a result of vaccine-related reactions or breakdown in immunity.