The effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides Oliver on growth,feed utilization,antioxidant activity and immune responses of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides (EU) on growth, feed utilization, antioxidant activity and immune responses of turbot fed a basal diet (CON) or EU‐supplemented diets with 5.0 g/kg (EU1), 10.0 g/kg (EU2) and 20.0 g/kg (EU3) EU leaf powder. After 70‐day trial, EU supplementation did not affect nutrient utilization, but reduced feed intake (FI) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish at doses above 5.0 g/kg. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) activities in the EU‐supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in the control group at a dose of 20.0 g/kg. Significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were observed in EU‐supplemented groups at doses over 5.0 g/kg. Furthermore, fish fed 20.0 g/kg EU showed the highest lysozyme (LZM) activity among groups. The EU‐supplemented diets with doses above 5.0 g/kg significantly enhanced the mRNA expressions of cytokines. The expression level of major histocompatibility complex II alpha (MHC IIα) was significantly upregulated compared to that of the control fish when the supplemental level was at 20.0 g/kg. Taken together, the present study indicated that the EU could remarkably enhance the antioxidant activity, non‐specific immunity and maintain an active immune response in turbot.     

Replacing fish oil and astaxanthin by microalgal sources produced different metabolic responses in juvenile rainbow trout fed 2 types of practical diets

Dietary fish oil supplementation provides n-3 long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids for supporting fish growth and metabolism and enriching fillet with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; c22:6n-3). Two experiments were performed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments for 16 wk to determine effects and mechanisms of replacing 0%, 50%, and 100% fish oil with DHA-rich microalgae in combination with synthetic vs. microalgal source of astaxanthin in plant protein meal (PM)- or fishmeal (FM)- based diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish (22 ± 0.26 g) were stocked at 17/tank and 3 tanks/diet. The 100% fish oil replacement impaired (P < 0.0001) growth performance, dietary protein and energy utilization, body indices, and tissue accumulation of DHA and EPA in both diet series. The impairments were associated (P < 0.05) with upregulation of hepatic gene expression related to growth (ghr1and igf1) and biosynthesis of DHA and EPA (fads6 and evol5) that was more dramatic in the FM than PM diet-fed fish, and more pronounced on tissue EPA than DHA concentrations. The source of astaxanthin exerted interaction effects with the fish oil replacement on several measures including muscle total cholesterol concentrations. In conclusion, replacing fish oil by the DHA-rich microalgae produced more negative metabolic responses than the substitution of synthetic astaxanthin by the microalgal source in juvenile rainbow trout fed 2 types of practical diets.     

Cytotoxicity of cycloartane triterpenoids from aerial part of Cimicifuga foetida

Our previous study had demonstrated cytotoxicity of EtOAc fraction from aerial part of Cimicifuga foetida on various cancer cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of five cycloartane triterpenoids isolated from the EtOAc fraction. Compounds (1,2,3) showed moderate cytotoxic activity on R-HepG2 cells and drug resistant sub line R-HepG2 but exhibited less toxicity against primary cultured normal mouse hepatocytes. Compounds (4) and (5) were inactive on all tested cell lines.     

不同覆盖方式对烤烟成熟期根系活力和叶片衰老特性的影响

以烤烟K326为试材,在大田条件下研究了前膜后草、地膜覆盖、无覆盖3种不同覆盖方式下烤烟成熟期根系活力和叶片衰老特性变化.结果表明,与常规栽培相比,前膜后草覆盖方式下,烤烟成熟期根系活力显著提高,叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量较高,叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性较强,MDA含量较低,烤烟衰老速度缓慢,延长烤烟成熟期,提高烤烟经济性状;而地膜覆盖方式下,烤烟根系活力降低,叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量急剧下降,叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,烤烟膜脂过氧化程度加剧,烤烟衰老速度加快.     

欧李在干旱、半干旱地区高速公路绿化中的应用

适地适树是高速公路绿化成功的关键因素。根据干旱、半干旱地区高速公路绿化的特点,介绍了欧李的形态特征、生物学特性。阐述了欧李在干旱、半干旱地区高速公路绿化的综合开发利用价值,为欧李在干旱、半干旱地区高速公路绿化中的应用提供了科学的依据。     

Accumulation of cadmium by flax and linseed cultivars in field-simulated conditions: A potential for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils

The possibility of use of two technological types of Linum usitatissimum L., namely flax (grown for fibre) and linseed (grown for seed), for phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) from Cd-contaminated soil was studied. A four-year field-simulated experiment was carried out with 6 flax and 4 linseed cultivars in order to study organ accumulation of Cd by flax and linseed plants at artificial concentration range 10-1000 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil. The most Cd was accumulated by roots, followed by shoots, while reproductive parts (capsules and seeds) played comparably smaller role. The increasing soil Cd concentration resulted in increasing Cd accumulation by roots, while transport to above-ground plant parts was progresivelly inhibited. Even high soil Cd concentrations (1000 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil) had not dramatic negative effect on plant growth and development. Cultivar differences as well as the differences between both technological Linum types have been found in Cd accumulation (flax being better Cd accumulator than linseed). Nevertheless, the recorded variation between technological types and within cultivars is in multiples of Cd values (units of mg Cd kg⁻¹ DW), not in orders of magnitude as needed for practical phytoextraction. A significant year-to-year effect on plant growth/development resulting in high variation in Cd accumulation was observed. Flax cv. Jitka exhibited good transport of Cd from roots to above-ground parts, while flax cv. Merkur showed high retention of Cd in roots. Further, the contrasting cultivars in total Cd accumulation (high accumulating flax cv. Jitka versus low accumulating linseed cv. Jupiter) were selected for future experiments. The uptake of Cd by flax/ linseed from ha per season was calculated and the strategy for flax/linseed growing on heavy metal polluted soils with subsequent utilization of heavy metal-contaminated biomass is discussed.     

广东省菜园土壤施肥状况调查与分析

【目的】了解广东省蔬菜种植生产过程中施肥管理存在的问题,为广东省蔬菜平衡施肥提供参考。【方法】通过农户抽样调查,对珠三角增城市10户(样本)、粤西云浮罗定市15户(样本)、粤北清远连州市25户(样本)、粤东梅州五华县24户(样本)共74户蔬菜种植户蔬菜施肥状况进行分析。【结果】广东省蔬菜种植品种较多,1年3茬的复种模式占大部分。化肥氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)的平均施用量分别达到444.02、456.66和441.09 kg/ha,化肥施用量N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.00∶1.03∶0.99。有机肥N、P2O5、K2O均值与化肥N、P2O5、K2O均值之比分别是0.38、0.22和0.21。平均总施肥量(N、P2O5和K2O)达到611.19、556.56和535.86 kg/ha。不同地区养分投入量存在较大差异,罗定市和五华县的有机养分投入量略高于连州市和增城市;化肥和总养分投入量均为:增城市>罗定市>五华县>连州市。【结论】广东省蔬菜生产中肥料施用量偏高,特别是P2O5肥投入偏高,NPK比例不均衡,应通过测土配方后平衡施肥。     

Practical Considerations of Molecular Parentage Analysis in Fish

Pedigree information is important in selective breeding programs and hatchery management of aquaculture. However, in aquaculture species, tagging of young fish with physical tags is very difficult. Molecular parentage analyses have been used in reconstructing pedigrees in aquaculture species since the 1990s. Some studies have been carried out to optimize every step to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of molecular parentage analysis. However, molecular parentage analysis of a large number of individuals is still too expensive because some steps of molecular parentage analysis are very cost‐intensive. In this review, we have summarized the techniques of major steps in parentage analysis, and provided a guide for aquaculture scientists on how to cost‐effectively and rapidly extract DNA from a large number of samples, select the right types of DNA markers, optimize multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and select appropriate methods and software to analyze the genotyping data for reconstructing pedigrees. In addition, we discuss the challenges and future directions of molecular parentage analysis in aquaculture species.     

Effects of tightening speed on torque coefficient in lag screw timber joints with steel side plates

To investigate the effects of tightening speed on the torque coefficient in lag screw timber joints with steel side plates, tightening tests were conducted on main timber members made from Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Pseudotsuga menziesii, under four tightening speed conditions (1, 4, 10, and 20 rpm). Major stick-slip behavior was observed in C. obtusa based on the relationship of tightening angle with clamp force, tightening torque, and thread torque at tightening speeds of 1 and 4 rpm. In addition, tightening speed’s effects on the torque coefficient (K) varied depending on the wood species of the main member. In P. menziesii, K was not affected by the tightening speed: the ratio of torque expended on tightening was 25% on average, and the ratio of torque expended on bearing surface friction was higher than the ratio of torque expended on thread friction.     

小麦新品种郑麦9694配粉特性的研究

用小麦新品种郑麦9694与优质强筋小麦郑麦9023进行配粉,测定粉质仪参数和馒头加工品质,结果表明,郑麦9694的馒头加工品质较好,随着郑麦9023添加比例的增加,可使馒头的比容、宽高比、内部结构、弹性、韧性、黏性和食味得分显著提高,总分有了一定的提高;但郑麦9023的添加超过一定的比例后,馒头比容、内部结构和弹性得分则又下降了,表面色泽虽然没有变化,但表面结构得分则随着郑麦9023比例的增加呈下降趋势。最适宜的配粉比例为70∶30,即在郑麦9694中搭配30%的郑麦9023,其湿面筋含量、粉质仪参数等达到优质馒头粉标准,可显著改善馒头的加工和制作品质。