中国粮食安全百年变化历程

以人粮关系为主线、以中国社会经济发展为辅线,重点回顾了近百余年中国粮食安全变化历程及其社会经济背景。提出粮食安全问题分析的4个纬度,即农民生计、土地制度、农业科技、政策管理。认为重粮重农不轻工商、控制人口过快增长、完善土地使用制度、发展农业科技、维护国家长治久安是保障粮食安全的5个要素。最后指出应树立包括数量安全、结构安全、生态安全、质量安全在内的广义粮食安全观,系统地构建粮食安全保障体系。     

棉纤维总RNA提取方法的比较与分析

【目的】筛选适合棉纤维总RNA的提取方法,并对其进行改良,以满足转录组和表达谱测序要求。【方法】采用三种方法提取棉纤维总RNA,即改良的热硼酸法、Trizol法和离心柱试剂盒法。【结果】改良的热硼酸法提取的棉纤维总RNA质量最好,同时对该方法的改良更适合不同时期相同棉花品种和相同时期不同棉花品种棉纤维总RNA的提取。【结论】通过比较棉纤维总RNA的提取方法,发现改良的热硼酸法提取棉纤维总RNA质量最好,且对该方法的改良提取的总RNA更能够满足转录组和表达谱测序的要求。     

不同改造方式对大兴安岭低质林土壤理化性质及重金属影响

对大兴安岭低质林进行带状和块状改造,分析不同方式改造后土壤理化性质及重金属的变化。结果表明:改造样地的土壤密度低于对照样地,而土壤含水率高于对照样地,土壤孔隙度也有所提高,林地土壤的物理性质得到了改善。各改造样地土壤pH值升高,土壤有机质质量分数在带宽较宽及面积较大的改造样地中更高;带状改造样地和中等采伐面积样地(225～400 m2)土壤全N质量分数高于对照样地;改造样地的土壤全P、全K以及水解N质量分数并没有得到改善;带状改造样地土壤有效P质量分数升高,块状改造样地土壤有效P质量分数下降;改造样地土壤速效K质量分数高于对照样地。样地S1、G4、G5土壤Cd质量分数高于对照样地,且与对照样地差异显著(P<0.05);各样地土壤Cu质量分数与对照样地差异不显著(P>0.05);各带状改造样地之间土壤Pb质量分数差异显著(P<0.05),样地S3土壤Pb质量分数最高。土壤Cd与Pb质量分数之间呈极显著正相关,土壤3种重金属质量分数与土壤总孔隙度正相关,与土壤有机质及水解N质量分数负相关。     

垫草对猪的福利和生产性能的影响

通常认为垫草对猪的福利具有广泛的有利影响。垫草既能改善地面触感,又有利于猪自主调控小环境温度,并减少某些肢蹄损伤。但稻草也会增加某些疾病发生的概率,特别是呼吸系统疾病。垫草作为廉价的环境丰富物能够满足猪探求行为的需求,并可作为筑巢材料满足围产期母猪的行为需求,减少不良行为发生。由于其可食入性,垫草还能在一定程度上降低限饲母猪的采食动机,减少口吻部规癖行为发生。垫草对神经内分泌及免疫机能的影响尚不能确定,但以往资料显示其长期使用能减少应激。同时,垫草的使用还可能提高猪的生产性能和某些肉质性状。因此,尽管垫草增加生产成本和特定疾病的风险,并带来管理上的不便,其仍是最可行的提高猪福利的途径之一。     

攀西地区黑山羊mtDNA D-loop区遗传多态性研究

对攀西地区9个黑山羊类群线粒体mtDNA D-loop区序列多态性及系统进化进行探讨。结果表明:群体间共有多态位点178个,单一多态位点47个,简约信息位点131个,平均核苷酸歧义度为0.03500,有53种单倍型,说明遗传多样性丰富;而通过构建黑山羊系统树可以看出,9个类群黑山羊明显分为3支系,即支系A～C。进而揭示黑山羊是多母系起源。     

Quantitative assessment of muscle mass and gene expression analysis in dogs with glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy

The present study aimed to quantitatively evaluate muscle mass and gene expression in dogs with glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. Five healthy beagles received oral prednisolone for 4 weeks (1 mg/kg/day), and muscle mass was then evaluated via computed tomography. Histological and gene expression analyses were performed using biopsy samples from the biceps femoris before and after prednisolone administration. The cross-sectional area of the third lumbar paraspinal and mid-femoral muscles significantly decreased after glucocorticoid administration (from 27.5 ± 1.9 to 22.6 ± 2.0 cm² and from 55.1 ± 4.7 to 50.7 ± 4.1 cm², respectively; P<0.01). The fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers were both atrophied (from 2,779 ± 369 to 1,581 ± 207 μm² and from 2,871 ± 211 to 1,971 ± 169 μm², respectively; P<0.05). The expression of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GRB10) significantly increased after prednisolone administration (P<0.05). Because GRB10 suppresses insulin signaling and the subsequent mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity, increased expression of GRB10 may have resulted in a decrease in protein anabolism. Taken together, 1 mg/kg/day oral prednisolone for 4 weeks induced significant muscle atrophy in dogs, and GRB10 might participate in the pathology of glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy in canines.     

Soil organic matter fractionation as a tool for predicting nitrogen mineralization in silty arable soils

After decades of searching for a practical method to estimate the N mineralization capacity of soil, there is still no consistent methodology. Indeed it is important to have practical methods to estimate soil nitrogen release for plant uptake and that should be appropriate, less time consuming, and cost effective for farmers. We fractionated soil organic matter (SOM) to assess different fractions of SOM as predictors for net N mineralization measured from repacked (disturbed) and intact (undisturbed) soil cores in 14 weeks of laboratory incubations. A soil set consisting of surface soil from 18 cereal and root‐cropped arable fields was physically fractionated into coarse and fine free particulate OM (coarse fPOM and fine fPOM), intra‐microaggregate particulate OM (iPOM) and silt and clay sized OM. The silt and clay sized OM was further chemically fractionated by oxidation with 6% NaOCl to isolate an oxidation‐resistant OM fraction, followed by extraction of mineral bound OM with 10% HF (HF‐res OM). Stepwise multiple linear regression yielded a significant relationship between the annual N mineralization (kg N/ha) from undisturbed soil and coarse fPOM N (kg N/ha), silt and clay N (kg N/ha) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.80; P < 0.01). The relative annual N mineralization (% of soil N) from disturbed soils was related to coarse fPOM N, HF‐res OC (% of soil organic carbon) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.83; P < 0.01). Physical fractions of SOM were thus found to be the most useful predictors for estimating the annual N mineralization rate of undisturbed soils. However, the bioavailability of physical fractions was changed due to the disturbance of soil. For disturbed soils, a presumed stable chemical SOM fraction was found to be a relevant predictor indicating that this fraction still contains bio‐available N. The latter prompted a revision in our reasoning behind selective oxidation and extraction as tools for characterizing soil organic N quality with respect to N availability. Nonetheless, the present study also underscores the potential of a combined physical and chemical fractionation procedure for isolating and quantifying N fractions which preferentially contribute to bulk soil N mineralization. The N content or C:N ratio of such fractions may be used to predict N mineralization in arable soils.     

Effects of Azoxystrobin on Mycotoxin Production in a Carbendazim-Resistant Strain ofFusarium sporotrichioides

Carbendazim-resistant (RS) and control (CS) strains ofFusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., previously developed in our laboratory, were exposed to graded concentrations of azoxystrob in in broth media under shake-culture conditions for 2, 3, 4 and 8 days. Azoxystrobin concentrations were 0, 1, 10 and 100 mg 1^-1 broth and cultures were incubated at a constant 25°C. Mycelial growth was significantly affected by strain (P<0.01), azoxystrobin concentration (P<0.001) and incubation time (P<0.001). Combined results for the four incubation times showed that CS yielded higher mycelial mass than RS (P<0.01) only in the absence of azoxystrobin. At fungicide additions of 1, 10 and 100 mg P^-1 mycelial growth was reduced (P<0.001) with minimal strain differences (P>0.05) at all three doses of azoxystrobin. Significant (P<0.05 or better) strain-fungicide interactions were recorded in trichothecene production following exposure to azoxystrobin. At 4 and 8 days of incubation, the 10 mg 1^-1 addition of azoxystrobin stimulated T-2 toxin synthesis (P<0.05) only in RS cultures. In contrast, T-2 toxin enhancement in CS cultures occurred only on day 8 but at a lower level of azoxystrobin (1 mg1^-1). Thus, the stimulation of T-2 toxin synthesis depended upon strain and azoxystrobin level. Production of diocetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was affected by a more complex set of interactions. Overall means showed that, in comparison with initial values (on day 2 or 3), DAS output maximized significantly(P<0.05) on day 4 in RS cultures and on day 8 in CS. Marked strain effects were observed on exposure to the 10 mg 1^-1 level of azoxystrobin. At this level, DAS production was enhanced in RS only after 4 (P<0.01 ) and 8 (P<0.05) days of incubation, while in contrast, CS reduced DAS production. As with T-2 toxin, DAS production in CS was stimulated (P<0.05 or better) only at low exposure levels of azoxystrobin. In the case of neosolaniol (NEO), however, the main effect of strain was significant (P<0.05), with CS producing consistently more of the mycotoxin than RS on day 4 of the experiment. At this point, the NEO:T-2 toxin ratio was also higher in CS (0.63) than in RS (0.12), a feature reported by us previously. In conclusion, the present investigation has shown for the first time that the development of resistance to one fungicide can affect trichothecene production inF. sporotrichioides on exposure to a second fungicide. These results have been incorporated into a new classification scheme for fungicide efficacy which is also presented in this paper. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 7,2001.     

Relation of Japanese <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas campestris</Emphasis> pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">vesicatoria</Emphasis> with worldwide strains revealed with three specific monoclonal antibodies

Strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Dye 1978 (Xcv), the causal agent of bacterial spot, have been classified into two groups based on their ability to hydrolyze starch. Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 7AH10, 5HB3, and 4AD2, were produced immunized against the living bacteria and were specific to and could distinguish Xcv strains able or unable to hydrolyze starch (Amy⁺ or Amy^–). The MAb 7AH10, obtained against strain UPB141(Amy^–) reacted in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with all the Amy^– strains (n = 19) and 1 of 11 Amy⁺ strains. Against Xcv 2625, an Amy^– unusual phenotype strain, MAb 5HB3, recognized 97% of our worldwide collection of Xcvs (n = 30). Also against that strain, the MAb 4AD2 reacted with none of the homologous Amy^– phenotypes and with 90% (n = 11) of the heterologous Amy⁺ phenotypes. For all the MAbs, cross reactions with other pathovars or species were less than 4% (n = 67). By assaying a Japanese collection of strains against the three MAbs, the Amy⁺ strains were distinguished from the Amy^– strains, and their relation with other world strains could be demonstrated. All the MAbs reacted with the lipopolysaccharide fraction of the bacterial cell wall during immunoblotting.