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81.
Influence of weaning age on the villous height and disaccharidase activities in the porcine small intestine
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Takamitsu Tsukahara Ryo Inoue Masako Nakatani Kikuto Fukuta Eriko Kishino Tetsuya Ito Kazunari Ushida 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(1):67-75
Body weight gain after weaning is correlated with villous height and disaccharidase activity. This evidence suggests that the maintenance of the small intestinal structure and function after weaning is important for the growth of piglets. We demonstrated that the influence of weaning age was obtained by disaccharidase activities and villous height in eight sections of the porcine small intestine. Therefore, we designed three weaning ages (weaned at the ages of 14, 21 or 28 days) and the piglets were slaughtered after 7 or 14 days post‐weaning. The remaining suckling piglets were slaughtered at the age of 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Four piglets were slaughtered at each event; therefore, 44 piglets were used in this study. Villous height and disaccharidase activities were measured in each section of the small intestine. Early weaning such as that at 14 days had severe influence on villous and disaccharidase activities. In particular, weaning of 14‐day‐olds did not result in maltase activity at least 2 weeks post‐weaning. Accordingly, the weaning age of crossbred piglets is recommended to be at least 21 days or more on the basis of villous height and disaccharidase activity analyses. 相似文献
82.
83.
Yoshihiro Katayama Yoko Mashino Nobuyuki Nishikubo Kaori Yoshitomi Ryo Funada Shinya Kajita 《Journal of Wood Science》2002,48(6):457-466
We have investigated the spatial regulation of the accumulation of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of shikimate and lignin during differentiation of primary xylem from the apical meristem via procambium in hybrid aspen (Populus sieboldii x Populus grandidentata). Immuohistochemical staining revealed that, in the top part of shoots, lignification began in a single or just a few adjacent vessel elements and subsequently spread to neighboring cells. The spatial localization of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS), which is one of the key enzymes in the shikimate pathway, was tightly correlated with the cell-specific deposition of lignin in the primary xylem. We also found that the spatial localization of enzymes in the general phenylpropanoid pathway and in the lignin-specific pathway was closely associated with the cell-specific deposition of lignin and the accumulation of DAHPS. Our data suggest that enzymes that act in the shikimate, general phenylpropanoid, and lignin-specific pathways are initially produced and function coordinately in a single or a few adjacent elements at the start of primary xylem development. 相似文献
84.
Mariko Shoji Hidenori Sato Remi Nakagawa Ryo Funada Takafumi Kubo Shinjiro Ogita 《Journal of Forest Research》2006,11(6):449-453
The effect of an osmoticum, polyethylene glycol (PEG), on somatic embryo production was examined using embryogenic cells of
Pinus densiflora. In the basal medium containing 30 μM abscisic acid and 6% maltose, the quality of the embryos formed was poor even though
somatic embryos were produced. The addition of PEG with molecular weight of 4000 or 8000 significantly enhanced the development
of both the quality and quantity of somatic embryos. Furthermore, higher levels of a constant osmotic pressure with PEG 8000
in a range from about 300 to 450 mmol/kg could remarkably enhance the morphogenesis of somatic embryos and their number of
embryos produced. A higher stable osmotic pressure with an appropriate molecular weight of PEG is a key factor for the production
of good quality somatic embryos in P. densiflora. 相似文献
85.
It is generally believed that forests are perceived differently according to the cultural background of the visitor. Different
cultural groups tend to have diverse perceptions of tree species, landscapes, or gardens. In this research project, we conducted
interviews of German and Japanese groups (each group consisting of three or more people), to identify their perspectives in
exploring the theme of “cut” and “dead” wood. For this purpose, we interviewed 20 groups from each cultural background (40
data sets in total). Each group was asked to categorize 36 pictures chosen from photographic contests. The results were examined
with PCA and cluster analysis. The quantified results of the two national groups highlighted the dichotomy of the cut and
dead wood relationship. The method and materials used gave robust results. Differences between the two groups were identified
by their perceptions of cut and dead wood. The results are insightful from a methodological and political rationale. First,
new insights were gained by adopting group-based interviews using pictures from photographic contests. Research about public
perceptions in forest science is often dominated by a focus on verbal inquiry. This study explored similar questions, using
visual materials. The interviews consisted of visual materials to overcome bias in languages or the question order. Second,
the results indicated the influence of “close-to-nature forestry” policy on public perceptions. While German society has a
wide practice of leaving dead wood in forests based on their close-to-nature forestry policy, there is no equivalent Japanese
concept. Although Japan and Germany both face pressures for economic restructuring and public participation, the difference
in public perception of forestry can lead to a difference in acceptance for the same policy. If such differences are to exist,
we can observe that the legitimacy of forestry in the two countries is reconstructed in different ways. 相似文献
86.
87.
Takahama U Tanaka M Oniki T Hirota S Yamauchi R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(10):4169-4176
The objective of the present study was to elucidate how chlorogenic acid in coffee was transformed under acidic conditions simulating the mixture of saliva and gastric juice. When coffee was incubated in acidified saliva that contained nitrite and SCN-, in addition to nitric oxide (NO), four major components were detected. Two of the four components (components 3 and 4) were generated when chlorogenic acid was incubated in acidified saliva and when incubated in an acidic buffer solution in the presence of both nitrite and SCN-. By the incubation of chlorogenic acid in acidic nitrite in the absence of SCN-, components 3 and 4 were not formed but the quinone of chlorogenic acid and nitrated chlorogenic acid were formed. The result indicates that SCN- was indispensable for nitrous acid induced formation of components 3 and 4. Component 4 was isolated and its structure was determined to be (E)-5'-(3-(7-hydroxy-2-oxobenzo[d] [1,3]oxathiol-4-yl)acryloyloxy)quinic acid. Component 3, which was suggested to be 2-thiocyanatochlorogenic acid, seemed to be formed by the reaction between SCN- and the quinone of chlorogenic acid. As it has been reported that the quinone of chlorogenic acid can react with thiols and can decompose producing H2O2, the formation of component 4 can reduce the toxic effects of the quinone of chlorogenic acid. 相似文献
88.
Phuong Dang Thai Phan Hiroki Kageyama Ryo Ishikawa Takashige Ishii 《Breeding Science》2012,62(3):256-262
The Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon, has partial outcrossing behavior and shows high levels of genetic variation. To estimate an accurate outcrossing rate of annual form of O. rufipogon, two backcross lines (Lines R1 and R2) between Oryza sativa Nipponbare and O. rufipogon W630 were examined under field conditions. A chromosome survey confirmed that these lines had wild chromosomal segments at more than 92% of marker loci. As for the traits of glume, stamen and pistil, Line R1 showed similar floral morphology as that of O. rufipogon W630, whereas Line R2 had larger glumes. In 2005, 2006 and 2008, a total of 22 backcross plants were planted in the middle of wild rice plots. The successive progenies of each plant were examined using microsatellite markers that could clearly detect self-pollination and outcrossing. The outcrossing rates of Line R1 plants ranged from 4.04% to 25.50% with an average of 10.20%. This indicates that cross-pollination of wild rice is a chance event affected by many environmental factors. The outcrossing rates of Line R2 plants also varied, however, no significant difference was observed between the averages of Lines R1 and R2, suggesting that the glume sizes are not critical for outcrossing ability. 相似文献
89.
Kiwa Kobayashi Miyako Arai Atsushi Tanaka Shigeru Matsuyama Hiroshi Honda Ryo Ohsawa 《Breeding Science》2012,62(4):293-302
Floral scent attracts pollinators. We investigated the floral scent compounds recognized by pollinators in six Brassica crop species, including allogamous species with different genomes and autogamous species with two parental genomes and radish (Raphanus sativus). Biologically active compounds recognized by honeybees were screened from all floral compounds by combined gas chromatography–electroantennogram analysis and their profiles were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fourteen of the 52 compounds were active. All accessions had more than two active compounds, but the compounds greatly differed between the two genera. On the basis of similarities in whether active compounds were presence or absence, their amount and their composition ratio, we divided the Brassica accessions into three to five groups by cluster analyses. Most groups were composed of a mixture of allogamous and autogamous species sharing same genome, indicating that the variation depended on genome, not species. These results suggest that all species require pollinator visits for reproduction, despite their different reproductive systems. However, the inter-genus and intra-specific variations shown by the multiple groups within a species might cause different visitation frequencies by pollinators between genera and among accessions within a species, resulting in insufficient seed production in some accessions or species. 相似文献
90.
Ohtsuka H Fukunaga N Fukuda S Hatsugaya A Hayashi T Hara H Koiwa M Abe R Kawamura S 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2005,67(2):183-185
To clarify the effect of nutritive conditions on changes in immune cells in Japanese Black (JB) calves during the growth period, leukocyte populations were analyzed in ten healthy JB calves managed in one herd. The calves were divided into two groups: five calves in Group 1 were given insufficient nutrition, and the other five calves in Group 2 received adequate nutrition. The levels of serum total cholesterol and glucose were significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 at 1 month. The numbers of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells tended to be lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 at months 1 and 2, and the difference in CD4+ was significant at month 2. The number of MHC class-II(+high) cells was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 at months 1 and 2. These results suggest that adequate nutrition might stimulate an increase in immune cells in calves during the growth period. 相似文献