Effects of dietary ethoxyquin on growth,feed utilization and residue in the muscle of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus

Ethoxyquin (EQ) is the most common synthetic antioxidant used for preventing rancidity in fish foodstuffs. However, literature related to the effects of dietary EQ on performance of fish was limited. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of EQ on performance and EQ residue in muscle of juvenile Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus and to estimate the optimal EQ concentration in the diet. Graded levels [0 (control), 50, 150, 450 and 1350 mg EQ kg^?1 diet] of EQ were added to the basal diet, resulting in five dietary treatments in the experiment. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of seabass (initial body weight 8.01 ± 0.76 g) for 12 weeks in floating sea cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m, 30 fish per cage). Survival ranged from 78.9 to 86.7%, and was irrespective of dietary EQ levels. The specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed diets supplemented with ≤50 mg kg^?1 EQ had significantly (P < 0.05) higher SGR than fish fed diets supplemented with ≥150 mg kg^?1 EQ, the highest SGR was observed in fish fed diet with 50 mg kg^?1 EQ supplementation. Feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency (FE) were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among dietary treatments. Fish fed diets with 50 and 1350 mg kg^?1 EQ had a significant (P < 0.05) lower body lipid content than fish in the control group. Muscle EQ level significantly increased when dietary EQ increased. Optimal EQ concentration estimated by polynomial regression based on maximum growth of juvenile Japanese seabass was 13.78 mg kg^?1 diet.     

叶酸的营养研究及应用

<正>叶酸(蝶酰单谷氨酸)是指具有相关生物活性的一类同效维生素,其不同的辅酶形式可以作为一碳单位的供体或载体而发挥作用,主要参与以下几类反应:①蛋氨酸合成;②嘌呤和嘧啶的合成;③丝氨酸和甘氨酸的相互转化;④组氨酸的降解。关于其分子生物学及分子生物化学方面的研究成果引起了人们的极大关注。一方面,以摄食和药物形式摄取叶酸在预防一系列疾病方面发挥着重要作用;另一方面,由于其参与核酸的合成,因此对于维持基因的稳定性也很重要。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of glycyrrhizic acid on growth performance,survival, innate immune response and parasite resistance in juvenile large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on growth, survival and immune response of juvenile large yellow croaker, in seawater floating net cages. GA was supplemented into the basal diet to formulate four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets containing 0.00% (the control diet), 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% GA of dry weight, respectively. Triplicate groups of 60 fish were fed to apparent satiation by hand twice daily. The results showed that the specific growth rate, survival rate and feed efficiency ratio revealed no significant differences among dietary treatments (P > 0.05). The phagocytic index of head kidney macrophage was significantly increased by the supplementation of 0.04% dietary GA compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Fish fed 0.04% dietary GA also showed significantly higher serum lysozyme activity than fish fed the control diet and diet with 0.01% GA (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality rate after natural infestation of parasites (protozoan, Cryptocaryon irritans Brown) showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. These results suggested that dietary glycyrrhizic acid improved certain non‐specific immunological parameters of juvenile large yellow croaker. However, GA was not able to protect juvenile large yellow croaker effectively from protozoan infection.     

核苷酸对大黄鱼生长性能、肠道形态和抗氧化能力的影响

为探究饲料中添加核苷酸对大黄鱼生长性能、肠道形态和抗氧化能力的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(7.71±0.02)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,设置2个对照组,即高鱼粉对照组FM(鱼粉含量为45.0%)和低鱼粉对照组N0(鱼粉含量为31.5%),在低鱼粉对照组基础上分别添加0、75、150、300、600和1 000 mg/kg的核苷酸,共配制出7种等氮等脂饲料,在海水浮式网箱中进行为期63 d的养殖实验。结果表明:饲料中添加核苷酸对大黄鱼的存活率、饲料效率、摄食率、鱼体组成和形体指标没有显著影响(P0.05);但增重率随着核苷酸添加量的增加呈先升高后下降趋势,在添加量为300~600 mg/kg时显著高于其他处理组(P0.05)。随着核苷酸添加量的增加,血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)的活力呈先升高后下降的趋势,并在300 mg/kg时显著高于低鱼粉对照组(P0.05)。核苷酸对大黄鱼肠道肌肉层厚度和微绒毛高度有显著影响(P0.05),分别在添加量为150和300mg/kg时出现最大值;而对肠道褶皱高度无显著影响(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加核苷酸能促进大黄鱼生长,改善肠道形态结构和增强机体的抗氧化能力。以增重率为指标,利用折线模型计算得到大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中核苷酸的适宜添加量为194.91 mg/kg。     

Effects of dietary α‐lipoic acid on the growth and antioxidative responses of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of α‐lipoic acid (LA) on the growth and antioxidative responses of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six purified diets supplemented with 0, 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg kg^?1 of LA, respectively, were fed to abalone for 16 weeks in a flow‐through water system. The results showed that the weight gain ratio (WGR) increased with the dietary LA levels, and reached the highest value in the group with 800 mg kg^?1 dietary LA supplement. Glutathione peroxidase activity in the 800 mg kg^?1 dietary LA group was significantly higher than that in the dietary LA‐deficient (0 mg kg^?1) group. Superoxide dismutase activities in the 200, 400 and 800 mg kg^?1 groups were significantly increased. Supplements of 200, 400 and 800 mg kg^?1 dietary LA elevated the total antioxidative capacity significantly. The glutathione level in the hepatopancreas increased significantly with the dietary LA supplements in a dose‐dependent manner (except for the 200 mg kg^?1 group). Catalase and malondialdehyde in the hepatopancreas were not significantly affected by dietary LA. In conclusion, dietary LA promoted the growth and stimulated the antioxidative defence capacity of abalone. Based on the data of WGR, the optimal dietary LA supplement for juvenile abalone was found to be 709 mg kg^?1 using piece‐wise linear analysis.     

Effects of dietary protein levels on the growth,survival, amylase and trypsin activities in large yellow croaker,Pseudosciaena Crocea R., larvae

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary graded protein levels on the growth, survival, amylase and trypsin activities of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) larvae from 12 to 42 days after hatching (DAH). Five approximately isoenergetic microbound diets (16.65 MJ/kg diet) were formulated to contain different protein (47.1%, 52.0%, 57.1%, 62.2% and 67.5%) levels. Frozen copepods, containing 54.5% crude protein (CP), 6.0% crude lipid, 27.2% ash and 6.7% glycogen, were used as a control. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of larvae with an initial mean body weight of 1.76 ± 0.09 mg (mean ± SD) in 180 L white plastic tanks, and each tank was stocked initially with 3500 larvae. Both the survival and the specific growth rate (SGR) of large yellow croaker larvae significantly increased with increasing dietary protein level up to 57.1%, and decreased thereafter. Frozen copepods resulted in intermediate survival and low SGR compared with the other diets. Whole‐body moisture and protein of larvae were not significantly affected by the dietary protein level. In contrast, whole‐body lipid of larvae fed diet with 47.1% CP was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from fish fed the diets containing more than 57.1% CP. Additionally, fish fed the frozen copepods had the lowest whole‐body protein and lipid. The amylase‐specific activity increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate level during the period of this experiment. However, trypsin activity was not significantly affected by the dietary protein content before 42 DAH, indicating a later onset of trypsin than amylase in the regulation of enzymatic synthesis induced by a dietary substrate.     

生长中期花鲈对L-异亮氨酸需要量的研究

本实验旨在研究生长中期鲈鱼对饲料L-异亮氨酸的需要量。选取初始体重159.33±1.20g的鲈鱼为实验对象,在基础饲料中梯度添加晶体L-异亮氨酸,配制出异亮氨酸实测含量分别为0.72%、1.11%、1.53%、1.93%、2.31%和2.72%的6种饲料,在海水浮式网箱中进行10周养殖实验。实验结果表明,随饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量的升高,鲈鱼增重率(WGR)、饲料效率(FER)及蛋白质沉积率(PPV)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,各组间差异显著(P<0.05),且在1.93%L-异亮氨酸饲料组出现最大值,分别为108.55%、0.89、和37.57%。饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量对存活率(SR)、摄食率(FI)、肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)、肥满度(CF)、体组成和肌肉氨基酸组成均无显著影响(P>0.05)。肝脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力随饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量对血清甘油三酯(TG)含量有显著影响(P<0.05),在L-异亮氨酸含量为1.93%时达到最大值,显著高于0.72%和1.11%组(P<0.05),但与其它各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中L-异亮氨酸含量对血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力、血清总胆固醇(TC)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。以增重率(WGR)和蛋白质沉积率(PPV)为评价指标,得出生长中期鲈鱼对饲料中L-异亮氨酸的需求量分别为1.88%和1.84%饲料干重,占饲料蛋白质的4.41%和4.32%。     

大菱鲆对饲料精氨酸的需求量及饲料精氨酸水平对大菱鲆生长和代谢的影响

为研究大菱鲆最适饲料精氨酸需求量及饲料精氨酸水平对大菱鲆生长和代谢的影响,选取初始体质量为(43.07±0.10) g的大菱鲆为对象,使用酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白质来源,鱼油和大豆卵磷脂作为脂质来源,配制5组等氮等脂(51%粗蛋白和12.5%粗脂肪)的精制饲料,通过添加晶体氨基酸混合物,使得饲料中精氨酸含量分别为干物质的1.92%、2.65%、3.40%、4.17%和4.88%(对应饲料号为1、2、3、4、5),以喂食1.92%精氨酸水平饲料的处理组作为对照组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复12尾鱼,养殖周期为10周。结果显示,与对照组相比,3.40%～4.88%饲料精氨酸水平(占饲料蛋白质6.66%～9.52%)显著改善了大菱鲆的生长性能和饲料利用率。基于特定生长率(SGR)的折线回归分析,大菱鲆的最适饲料精氨酸需求量为饲料干物质的3.17%,饲料蛋白质的6.21%。适宜的饲料精氨酸水平显著提高了鱼体蛋白含量和血浆总蛋白水平,同时显著降低了血浆葡萄糖水平。此外,适宜的饲料精氨酸水平显著提高了肝脏脂肪酸合成、脂肪酸β-氧化、糖酵解、三羧酸循环和氧化磷酸化相关基因的表达,而显著降低了肝脏氨基酸降解相关基因的表达。研究表明,3.40%～4.88%饲料精氨酸水平(占饲料蛋白质6.66%～9.52%)可以调节大菱鲆的营养代谢,并促进大菱鲆的生长。     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐lipid Ratio on Growth Performance,Body Composition,Digestive Enzyme Activities,and Hepatic Enzyme Activities in Juvenile Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios (CHO : L) on growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hepatic enzyme activities of juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 kJ/g gross energy) diets with varying CHO : L ratios (0.07, 0.48, 1.20, 2.19, 4.81, and 10.48) were fed to triplicate groups of large yellow croaker in floating sea cages. Results showed that the highest specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed diets with CHO : L ratio of 2.19. Fish fed the lower (0.07 and 0.48) CHO : L ratios tended to produce lower growth (P < 0.05). The whole‐body lipid content significantly decreased, while hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen content, and plasma glucose concentration significantly increased as dietary CHO : L ratios increased (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased with elevated dietary CHO : L ratios (P < 0.05). The increasing dietary CHO : L ratios significantly stimulated the activities of intestinal amylase and hepatic pyruvate kinase and depressed the activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (P < 0.05). Based on a second‐order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, 2.38 was determined as the optimal dietary CHO : L ratio for juvenile large yellow croaker.