西门塔尔牛与我国地方黄牛的杂种优势预测分析

旨在利用覆盖全基因组和与性状相关的SNPs标记分析西门塔尔牛和地方黄牛两个亲本群体的遗传结构,通过亲本种群之间的遗传距离预测不同杂交组合在生长、胴体和肉质性状上的杂种优势。本研究选择来自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区牧场的1 222头西门塔尔牛和8个地方黄牛品种190头共组成8个杂交组合,对亲本群体进行遗传结构分析。利用牛770K SNP芯片对两个亲本群体进行基因型分型,通过牛QTL数据库筛选与目的性状对应的QTLs,对全基因组SNP位点进行映射分析得到与性状相关的SNP标记。利用两种SNP标记构建状态同源矩阵,计算各杂交组合亲本间的遗传距离。结果,所有亲本群体聚成3类,西门塔尔牛聚成一类,北方黄牛（蒙古牛、西藏牛和柴达木牛）聚成一类,南方黄牛（昭通牛、平武牛、南丹牛、文山牛和凉山牛）聚成一类。西门塔尔牛与北方黄牛在PCA图上的距离较近,说明两者之间亲缘关系相对较近,遗传背景差异较小。在各性状中,遗传距离最大的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。除了大理石花纹评分性状是西门塔尔牛与昭通牛之间的遗传距离最小,其余性状遗传距离最小的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与平武牛杂交组合。据此推测,各性状杂种优势较优的可能组合是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。     

活性炭与大孔树脂对美洲大蠊脱脂膏的脱色效果比较(英文)

[目的]探讨活性炭及大孔树脂两种脱色工艺对美洲大蠊脱脂膏的脱色效果,对比两种脱色工艺的优缺点。[方法]美洲大蠊脱脂膏用活性炭和大孔树脂脱色后,进行冷冻干燥得到固体脱色物,然后通过考察收得率、脱色率、蛋白保留率及脱色的操作过程,比较两种脱色工艺的有缺点。[结果]两种方法均能用于脱色。从收得率及蛋白保留率看,大孔树脂优于活性炭;从脱色率及操作过程看,活性炭脱色优于大孔树脂。[结论]该研究结果表明,若试验所需成分以蛋白为主,可采用大孔树脂脱色;若所需成分不是以蛋白为主,则可采用活性炭脱色。     

Successful Production of Offspring Using Cryopreserved Sperm via Nonsurgical Artificial Insemination in Rats

In rats, artificial insemination (AI) is surgically performed as a general tool to obtain offspring using cryopreserved spermatozoa. Nonsurgical AI is a more desirable technology because it does not require any surgical procedures. However, there has never been a successful nonsurgical AI since frozen-thawed rat spermatozoa show low motility. We show here for the first time successful nonsurgical AI in rats using oxytocin treatment. Intraperitoneal injection of oxytocin (1/800 IU) immediately before nonsurgical AI significantly increased the number of sperm collected from the oviducts compared with that without oxytocin treatment. Therefore, to obtain pups, oxytocin was intraperitoneally injected into females mated with vasectomized males, and the rats were then used for nonsurgical AI. Seven of the 12 oxytocin-treated rats became pregnant after nonsurgical AI, and 37 pups were obtained. Only one rat (1/13) without oxytocin treatment was pregnant after nonsurgical AI, and only 1 pup was delivered. These results show success for the first time in obtaining offspring using frozen-thawed rat spermatozoa via nonsurgical AI. Our results also suggest the possibility that oxytocin treatment is effective for improvement of nonsurgical AI even in other species.     

The effect of M‐phase stage‐dependent kinase inhibitors on inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) expression and localization in pig oocytes

At fertilization, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP₃R1) has a crucial role in Ca²⁺ release in mammals. Expression levels, localization and phosphorylation of IP₃R1 are important for its function, but it still remains unclear which molecule(s) regulates IP₃R1 behavior in pig oocytes. We examined whether there was a difference in localization of IP₃R1 after in vitro or in vivo maturation of pig oocytes. In mouse oocytes, large clusters of IP₃R1 were formed in the cortex of the oocyte except in a ring‐shaped band of cortex adjacent to the spindle. However, no such clusters of IP₃R1 were observed in pig oocytes and there was no difference in its localization between in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes. We next tried to clarify which factor(s) regulates IP₃R1 localization, phosphorylation and expression using M‐phase stage‐dependent kinase inhibitors. Our results show that treatments with roscovitine (p34^cdc2 kinase inhibitor) or U0126 (mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitor) did not affect IP₃R1 expression or localization in pig oocytes, although the latter strongly inhibited phosphorylation. However, treatment with BI‐2536, an inhibitor of polo‐like kinase 1 (Plk1), dramatically decreased the expression level of IP₃R1 in pig oocytes in a dose‐dependent manner. From these results, it is suggested that Plk1 is involved in the regulation of IP₃R1 expression in pig oocytes.     

Possible involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the maintenance of metaphase II attest in porcine oocytes matured in vitro

It has been reported that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB) pathway plays a crucial role in the meiotic resumption and progression to the metaphase II (MII) stage of oocytes. However, the role of this pathway in meiotic arrest at the MII stage (cytostatic activity) is not well understood. In this study the effect of a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, on the MAPK and p34^cdc2 kinase activities of matured porcine oocytes was examined. After maturation culture, both the MAPK and p34^cdc2 kinase activities in the oocytes were gradually decreased in a time-dependent manner. Although 25 µmol/L LY294002 did not affect either the MAPK or p34^cdc2 kinase activities, 50 µmol/L LY294002 suppressed the PKB phosphorylation and slightly decreased MAPK activity, but not the p34^cdc2 kinase activity. Therefore the effect of 10 µmol/L Ca²⁺ ionophore which was reported as inducing a transient decrease of p34^cdc2 kinase but not MAPK activities, was also examined in LY294002-treated oocytes. By additional treatment with LY294002 after Ca²⁺ ionophore, both the MAPK and p34^cdc2 kinase activities were decreased in a time-dependent manner, concomitantly with improvement of pronuclear formation. Therefore, we concluded that PI3K is involved in the maintenance of MAPK activity in matured porcine oocytes.     

ctsd、ctsl基因的多态性与雪龙黑牛胴体性状相关性研究

为了提高雪龙黑牛的胴体性状,进行新品种选育,本研究以组织蛋白酶D、L(Cathepsin D, Cathepsin L)基因为候选基因,利用PCR-RFLP方法对114头雪龙黑牛F1代商品牛进行多态性检测,应用SAS 9.2软件采用最小二乘拟合线性模型进行分析,结果表明,ctsd,c581t位点与雪龙黑牛的经济性状无明显的相关性,ctsl基因xma I位点与雪龙黑牛的三角牛腩厚显著相关,且AB型个体三角牛腩厚与AA和BB型个体三角牛腩厚差异显著。     

我国芒果育种和栽培中存在的问题和解决思路

探讨芒果育种和栽培中存在的问题,提出我国芒果育种的目标定位与栽培技术中主要问题的发展思路。     

dsRNA介导的PRSV-CP基因3''-端同源序列瞬时表达对番木瓜环斑病毒侵染的影响

体外合成我国番木瓜主产区环斑病毒外壳蛋白(PRsv-CP)基因3'-端278 bp同源区段,构建包含278 bp正义链、内含子(PDK内含子)及278 bp反义链的RNA介导的植物表达载体p2301-CPU,直接转化根癌农杆菌EHA105.通过根癌农杆菌介导的瞬时表达法,研究同源dsRNA对番木瓜环斑病毒(PRSv)侵染的干扰作用.结果表明,瞬时表达的dsRNA能够特异地干扰PRSV侵染.     

茶树白化突变研究进展

新梢白化茶树是一类珍稀的叶色突变体,其白化新梢中氨基酸、茶多酚、咖啡碱、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等物质含量与一般绿色叶茶树品种存在显著差异,这些特征性的生化成分对茶树生长发育、制茶品质具有重要作用。为了解析白化茶树资源的形成机制,研究人员已从不同角度开展了大量基础研究,积累了丰富的理化数据。近十几年来,随着组学技术的快速发展,为研究白化茶树突变体的光合作用机制、叶色变异机理提供了新的思路。本文综述了目前白化茶树资源在白化类型、生理生化特征,以及分子机制等方面的研究进展,以期为茶树白化机制的解析提供参考。     

多种通信功能农田数据采集传输装置的研制

以影响农作物生长较大的因素:温度、湿度、光照强度作为研究对象,研制了一种具有多种通信功能的嵌入式数据采集传输装置.该装置可通过短信息(GSM)、以太网、本地存储(CF卡)3种方式与数据监控中心通讯.同时,给出了硬件原理图,移植了μC/OS-II实时操作系统和LwIP协议栈,详细分析了任务的划分和任务间通信.实验证明, 该系统实时性强、可靠性高.