Starvation–refeeding causes cellular stress responses in the gut and liver of Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou

Fisheries Science - Gene expression profiles during the transition from fasting to refeeding were investigated in the gut and liver of Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou. Fish were starved for...     

Generation of rats from vitrified oocytes with surrounding cumulus cells via in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved sperm

The objective of this study was to evaluate fertility and full‐term development of rat vitrified oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF) with cryopreserved sperm. Oocytes with or without surrounding cumulus cells were vitrified with 30% ethylene glycol + 0.5 mol/L sucrose + 20% fetal calf serum by using the Cryotop method. The warmed oocytes were co‐cultured with sperm. Although the denuded/vitrified oocytes were not fertilized, some of the oocytes vitrified with cumulus cells were fertilized (32.7%) after IVF with fresh sperm. When IVF was performed with cryopreserved sperm, vitrified or fresh oocytes with cumulus cells were fertilized (62.9% or 41.1%, respectively). In addition, to confirm the full‐term development of the vitrified oocytes with surrounding cumulus cells after IVF with cryopreserved sperm, 108 vitrified oocytes with two pronuclei (2PN) were transferred into eight pseudopregnant females, and eight pups were obtained from three recipients. The present work demonstrates that vitrified rat oocytes surrounded by cumulus cells can be fertilized in vitro with cryopreserved sperm, and that 2PN embryos derived from cryopreserved gametes can develop to term. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful generation of rat offspring derived from vitrified oocytes that were fertilized in vitro with cryopreserved sperm.     

基于GSM的精准农业嵌入式远程实时测控系统

给出了基于GSM无线技术的精准农业嵌入式远程实时测控系统框架,介绍了系统的硬件组成和基于嵌入式实时操作系统的软件实现方法.测试结果表明,GSM无线通信技术能够很好地满足农业远程测控的要求.     

Genotyping of Giardia intestinalis from domestic and wild animals in Japan using glutamete dehydrogenase gene sequencing

To determine the genotypes of Giardia intestinalis from domestic and wild animals in Japan, Giardia isolates obtained from feces of 24 dogs kept in households and breeding kennels, three companion cats, five dairy calves and three wild monkeys, Macaca fuscata, were genotyped using the 177 bp sequence of the glutamete dehydrogenase gene (gdh). The genotypes were assemblages A, C, D or A/D for dog isolates, Assemblage F for cat isolates, assemblages A or E for calf isolates and assemblage B for monkey isolates. This is the first report on the genotypes of Giardia isolates from cats, calves and wild monkeys in Japan.     

In vitro glucuronidation of estradiol-17beta by microsomes prepared using liver biopsy specimens from dairy cows

Increased hepatic metabolism of estradiol may cause weakened estrous behavior in lactating dairy cows, but this hypothesis must be examined further, especially through diachronic study of the hepatic estradiol-17beta glucuronidation activity of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases. Therefore, in order to develop a new tool for this purpose, we attempted to conduct biopsy of the livers of dairy cows with the aid of ultrasonography and to measure the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities of microsomes of the specimens using in vitro glucuronidation followed by HPLC analysis. We were able to measure the activities of the microsomes prepared from the liver biopsy, and the results seemed reliable. Therefore, this method may become a new tool in clinical studies to detect estradiol-17beta glucuronidation activity.     

Knockout of targeted gene in porcine somatic cells using zinc‐finger nuclease

Targeted genome editing is a widely applicable approach for efficiently modifying any sequence of interest in animals. It is very difficult to generate knock‐out and knock‐in animals except for mice up to now. Very recently, a method of genome editing using zinc‐finger nucleases (ZFNs) has been developed to produce knockout rats. Since only injection of ZFNs into the pronuclear (PN) embryo is required, it seems to be useful for generating gene‐targeted animals, including domestic species. However, no one has reported the successful production of knockout pigs by direct injection of ZFNs into PN embryos. We examined whether ZFN works on editing the genome of porcine growth hormone receptor in two kinds of cell lines (ST and PT‐K75) derived from the pig as a preliminary study. Our data showed that pZFN1/2 vectors were efficiently transfected into both ST and PT‐K75 cells. In both cell lines, results from Cel‐I assay showed that modification of the targeted gene was confirmed. We injected ZFN1/2 mRNAs into the nucleus of PN stage embryos and then they were transferred to the recipients. However, pups were not delivered. Taken together, ZFN can be an available technology of genome editing even in the pig but further improvement will be required for generating genome‐modified pigs.     

番木瓜环斑病毒CP基因同源区段的克隆及植物表达载体的构建

采用RT-PCR技术对番木瓜环斑病毒CP基因的同源区段进行了克隆和鉴定分析。序列分析结果表明,获得PRSV-CP基因3′端的278bp DNA片段同源率最高。构建了目的基因包含278bp正义链、内含子(PDK内含子)及278bp反义链的RNA介导的植物表达载体p2301-CPU,并通过电激法导入农杆菌中。经PCR及酶切鉴定,证实质粒已被导入获得了农杆菌工程菌株。利用该植物表达载体对番木瓜的遗传转化工作目前正在进行中。     

Effects of alcohol extract of defatted soybean meal on growth performance and digestive physiology of yellowtail <Emphasis Type="Italic">Seriola quinqueradiata</Emphasis>

The effects of alcohol extract of soybean meal on growth performance, digestibility, and pancreatic enzyme and bile acid status of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata were studied. Fish were fed one of the following for 8 weeks: a fish meal (FM) control diet (FMD), a defatted soybean meal diet (SBMD), an alcohol-extracted SBM diet (ExSBMD), an ExSBMD with alcohol-extract diet (ExSBM + ExtD), and an FMD with alcohol-extract diet (FM + ExtD). Growth performance was significantly inferior in fish fed with SBM, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD compared to FMD- or ExSBMD-fed fish. Total bile acid levels, and trypsin and lipase activities in the anterior intestine were significantly lower in fish fed with SBM, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD than in fish fed with ExSBMD and FMD, despite similar values in gallbladder or pyloric caeca. Cholecystokinin mRNA levels of the former diet-fed fish were significantly lower than those of FMD- or ExSBMD-fed fish. Lipid and protein digestibility of fish fed with SBMD, ExSBM + ExtD, and FM + ExtD was significantly reduced in comparison with that of fish fed with FMD or ExSBMD. These findings indicate that the alcohol extract of soybean meal inhibited the secretion of bile acids and pancreatic enzymes by a decrease of cholecystokinin stimulation. This inhibition seemed to be responsible for a low growth performance through impairment of the assimilation of lipid and protein.     

P and N deficiency change the relative abundance and function of rhizosphere microorganisms during cluster root development of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

We studied microbe-plant interactions of white lupin, a cluster root-forming plant, under low P and N conditions to examine increased nutrient acquisition by plants either by a shift to a more specialized microbial community or changes in microbial enzyme production. White lupin plants were grown in rhizoboxes filled with either P- or N-deficient soil; fertilized soil was used as control. After cultivation of plants in a glasshouse for 41 d, plant growth (shoot and roots) and P and N accumulation in shoots were measured. Microbial functions were analyzed by P- and N-cycling enzymes. The microbial community structure was estimated by fingerprinting (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing techniques. P deficiency induced the released citrate and acid phosphomonoesterases from cluster roots and stimulated the production of microbe-derived alkaline phosphomonoesterase in the rhizosphere. P deficiency decreased microbial diversity in the cluster root rhizosphere. Increased relative abundance of Burkholderiales in the rhizosphere of P deficient plants might be responsible for the degradation of different organic P fractions such as phytates. N deficiency induced an increase of the number of nodules and P concentration in shoot as well as roots of white lupin. We clarified that high release of citrate from cluster roots might be the preferred mechanisms to meet the P demand of nodulated plants under N deficiency. In addition, the high abundance of Rhizobiales and Rhodospirillales in the rhizosphere of cluster roots showed that the importance of N-fixing microorganisms under N deficiency. The contribution of rhizosphere microorganisms due to similar activities of N-cycling enzymes under the two different N treatments is less important for N nutrition of plants. Further understanding of the regulation of cluster roots under N-deficiency will provide new information on the interactions between P and N nutrition.     

中国肉用西门塔尔牛场间遗传联系分析

旨在加快中国肉用西门塔尔牛的遗传进展,实现全国范围内的联合育种。本研究利用全国38家育种场和公牛站在2000—2019年出生的3 991头肉用西门塔尔牛初生重性状,使用DMU软件对场间关联率进行计算。对各场站划分关联组,并比较单场和关联组内的遗传力和估计育种值（estimated breeding value,EBV）的预测准确性。结果表明,中国肉用西门塔尔牛全国平均关联率为1.91%,大部分场间关联率处于较低水平。依据关联率可划分出两个关联组,分别包括6个和8个场,组内平均关联率分别为11.23%和12.54%。对两个关联组分别进行单场和联合估计,单场估计初生重的遗传力范围为0.32~0.44,关联组1的初生重遗传力为0.47,关联组2的初生重遗传力为0.43。两个关联组单场估计EBV的平均准确性分别为0.47和0.45,联合估计EBV的平均准确性分别为0.61和0.56。联合估计较单场估计EBV的准确性有明显提高。依据关联率划分关联组进行联合育种有利于加快中国肉用西门塔尔牛的育种进程。为推进中国肉用西门塔尔牛的育种进程,应先形成区域性联合育种,再逐步加强遗传联系,形成全国范围内的遗传关联体系。