湖北省油菜施硼效果及土壤有效硼临界值研究

【目的】从区域角度研究湖北省油菜主产区硼肥施用对油菜（Brassica napus L.）生长及产量的效果,确定目前生产条件下土壤有效硼临界值,为油菜科学施肥提供依据。【方法】2005～2006年在湖北省布置30个田间试验研究油菜施硼产量效应,结合土壤有效硼含量确定缺硼临界值。【结果】施硼对油菜的营养生长及产量构成因素均有促进作用,30个试验点施硼平均增产油菜籽428 kg•ha-1,平均增产率19.2%,70%的试验增产效果显著,增产量超过500 kg•ha-1的试验点占26.7%;土壤有效硼含量与施硼效果呈极显著负相关;按照不施硼产量相对于施硼处理的90%作为判断标准,土壤有效硼临界值比20年前第二次土壤普查时确立的临界值有所提高。【结论】湖北省油菜施用硼肥增产效果显著,现阶段油菜种植的土壤有效硼临界值为0.58 mg•kg-1,大约80%的地块在种植油菜时需要施硼。     

苦荞生态因子及农艺性状与产量的相关分析

为筛选影响苦荞产量的主要生态因子和农艺性状,调查了8个苦荞品种在全国18个不同地区的产量差异,并对产量和主要生态因子与农艺性状进行相关性和通径分析。方差分析表明,苦荞种子产量差异在品种之间、地点之间分别达显著和极显著水平。苦荞品种单株粒重和单株粒数的变异系数最大,分别为94.2%和92.4%。简单相关分析表明,产量与株高、主茎节数、单株粒数、单株粒重、全生育期、主茎分枝数呈(极)显著相关,相关系数分别为0.336**、0.334**、0.277**、0.259**、-0.392**、0.190*。偏相关分析表明,苦荞产量与全生育期、株高、海拔的偏相关达极显著水平,偏相关系数为-0.646**、0.591**、0.304**。通径分析表明,海拔、全生育期、株高、生育期均温是苦荞高产的最重要影响因素,纬度、千粒重、主茎节数为高产次要因素。此外,也要适当兼顾主茎分枝数、单株粒数、单株粒重。     

Evaluation of single and comparative intradermal tuberculin tests for tuberculosis eradication in caprine flocks in Castilla y León (Spain)

Goats can act as reservoirs for tuberculosis (TB) infection. The main etiological agents of TB in goats are Mycobacterium caprae and Mycobacterium bovis and they infect also a wide range of domestic and wild animals and humans. Control programmes based mainly on the application of single and comparative intradermal tuberculin (SIT and SCIT respectively) tests are being implemented in certain regions of Spain with a high density of caprine flocks as Castilla y León, including goats with epidemiological relationship with cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the intradermal tests in naturally TB-infected caprine flocks from this region. The study was performed using data from 17,450 goats in 54 different flocks that were classified as TB-infected in the control programmes executed in 2010 and 2011. Data from 1237 goats from 7 dairy flocks depopulated after the first intradermal testing were used to estimate the sensitivity (Se) using bacteriology as the gold-standard. Overall Se of the SIT test using the severe interpretation was 43.9% (CI 95%, 40.4–47.4) and decreased to 38.8% (CI 95%, 35.5–42.3) using the standard interpretation. Overall Se of the SCIT test ranged between 21.3% (CI 95%, 17.6–25.4) and 7% (CI 95%, 4.9–9.8) depending of the interpretation criteria. A significant weak positive correlation was found between age and skin fold thickness (Spearman’s test p < 0.05). Results from this study yielded, in general, low Se values probably due the systematic detection and slaughter of reactors as a consequence of the eradication programme in previous years or the presence of factors that may interfere in the diagnosis. Therefore, these results suggest the necessity of including ancillary diagnostic tools and/or strict interpretation criteria to maximize detection of positive animals in infected settings.     

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from several asparagus cultivars

Three different methods (antiradical activity, inhibition of primary oxidation, and ferric reducing power) have been used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of eight different asparagus cultivars and byproducts: white and green asparagus from Alcalá del Río (Guadalquivir Valley, Seville) and American hybrids, native spears, and their byproducts from Huétor-Tájar (Vega de Granada). The correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol content was studied. Six standards were also tested to validate the modified methods for antioxidant activity determination. Results obtained for antiradical capacity and reducing power were very similar, and a high correlation with phenols was found (R > or = 0.9 for both tests). Sample origin was an important factor, spears from Huétor-Tájar having higher values (ARC between 7 and 10 and P(R) of 0.25-0.33) than those from Alcalá del Río (ARC 0.6-2 and P(R) of 0.05-0.07). Significant differences were found between spears with the same origin, suggesting that genetics are another factor to take into account. Asparagus inhibits lipid primary oxidation, but no correlation between the inhibition percentage and phenols was observed. Asparagus origin was the only factor that led to significant differences: samples from Huétor-Tájar had higher values (POIC between 18 and 32) than those from Alcalá del Río (POIC of 5-9). Byproducts from the canning industry at Huétor-Tájar were also assayed for antioxidant activity; the results obtained suggested that byproducts could be considered as an excellent source of natural antioxidants.     

双台河口湿地芦苇对造纸废水中重金属净化效果研究

采集辽宁盘锦双台河口芦苇湿地芦苇样品对造纸废水中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的净化进行模拟试验,研究分析了芦苇在不同生长期对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的净化效果。结果表明:芦苇在拔节期对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的净化效果最好;在发芽期和展叶期对Pb的净化率最大,分别为21%和30%;在拔节期和成熟期对Zn的净化率最大,分别为53%和29%;在抽穗期对Cd净化率最大,为40%。在芦苇整个生长期内,芦苇根组织对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的吸收量均为最大,其次为茎组织,而叶组织对其的吸收量最小。整个植株对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的吸收能力存在极显著性差异(p<0.01),其吸收量大小顺序为:Pb>Zn>Cu>Cd。芦苇根系对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的吸收量分别显著性的高于茎和叶(p<0.05);而芦苇茎对Zn和Cd的吸收量与叶对Zn和Cd的吸收量。都没有达到显著性差异(p>0.05)。     

动物源性食品中糖皮质激素残留检测方法的研究进展

糖皮质激素常用于治疗家畜的炎症反应、免疫性疾病、牛的酮病等,并且能提高饲料的转化率,促进畜禽的生长,因而广泛用于畜牧业中。然而,动物生长过程中过量使用糖皮质激素会导致其在动物源性食品中残留,给人体健康带来极大的危害。世界各国对动物源性食品中糖皮质激素残留实施愈来愈严格的监控,对各种检测方法也提出了越来越高的要求。本文介绍了糖皮质激素在畜牧业中的应用、糖皮质激素残留的危害,并对其残留检测方法进行综述。     

山羊C D 4基因的克隆及组织表达分析

CD4基因是质膜上的转运系统之一,为动物辅助性T细胞(TH)和部分胸腺细胞的共受体与信号传导分子,参与TCR介导的TH细胞活化和胸腺细胞分化过程.该研究首次克隆了山羊CD4基因(GenBank登录号:EU913093),并分析了该基因的组织表达情况.结果表明:所克隆的山羊CD4全长cDNA序列为1 555bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1 368bp,编码455个氨基酸的蛋白,相对分子质量为5.05×104,等电点为9.52.山羊CD4蛋白前体由信号肽、胞外区、跨膜区和胞浆区4个部分构成.胞外区含有4个Ig样结构域,2个二硫键(C41—C109和C143—C180)及3个N糖基化位点(N231,N263和N343).氨基酸序列比对表明山羊CD4与绵羊CD4的氨基酸相似性为98%,与猪、人、兔、狗、猫、蝙蝠以及小鼠的氨基酸相似性分别为81%,74%,73%,72%,70%,70%和66%.系统发育树表明山羊CD4与绵羊和猪的CD4蛋白聚成一支,表明它们有较近的亲缘关系,其中山羊与绵羊的亲缘关系最近,而与狗、蝙蝠、兔、人和小鼠的亲缘关系相对较远.实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,CD4在山羊淋巴中的表达量最高,在睾丸中表达量较低,表明山羊CD4是一种免疫分子.     

Herbage intake of dairy cows in mixed sequential grazing with breeding ewes as followers

This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that mixed sequential grazing of dairy cows and breeding ewes is beneficial. During the seasons of spring–summer 2013 and autumn–winter 2013–2014, 12 (spring–summer) and 16 (autumn–winter) Holstein Friesian cows and 24 gestating (spring–summer) and lactating (autumn–winter) Pelibuey ewes grazed on six (spring–summer) and nine (autumn–winter) paddocks of alfalfa and orchard grass mixed pastures. The treatments “single species cow grazing” (CowG) and “mixed sequential grazing with ewes as followers of cows” (MixG) were evaluated, under a completely randomized design with two replicates per paddock. Herbage mass on offer (HO) and residual herbage mass (RH) were estimated by cutting samples. The estimate of herbage intake (HI) of cows was based on the use of internal and external markers; the apparent HI of ewes was calculated as the difference between HO (RH of cows) and RH. Even though HO was higher in CowG, the HI of cows was higher in MixG during spring–summer and similar in both treatments during autumn–winter, implying that in MixG the effects on the cows HI of higher alfalfa proportion and herbage accumulation rate evolving from lower residual herbage mass in the previous cycle counteracted that of a higher HO in CowG. The HI of ewes was sufficient to enable satisfactory performance as breeding ewes. Thus, the benefits of mixed sequential grazing arose from higher herbage accumulation, positive changes in botanical composition, and the achievement of sheep production without negative effects on the herbage intake of cows.     

Body condition score prior to parturition is associated with plasma and adipose tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in Holstein cows

Background: Previous research has revealed a strong inflammatory response within adipose(AT) tissue during the transition into lactation. Whether this effect is a result of oxidative stress induced by lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation associated with differences in prepartum body condition score remains to be determined. The objectives of this study were to investigate systemic biomarkers of energy balance and inflammation and the expression of lipid metabolismand inflammation-related genes in AT during the transition period in dairy cows.Results: Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively divided by body condition score(BCS) prior to parturition into two groups(10 cows/group): BCS ≤ 3.25(Lo BCS) and BCS ≥ 3.75(Hi BCS). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was biopsied from the tail-head region at d-10, 7 and 20 relative to parturition. Plasma was used to evaluate biomarkers of energy balance(EBAL) [free fatty acids(NEFA), glycerol, insulin] and inflammation [IL-1β, haptoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen metabolites(ROM)]. Although insulin concentration was not affected by BCS, NEFA was overal greater and glycerol lower in HiB CS cows. Greater activity of myeloperoxidase in plasma coincided with increased haptoglobin and IL-1β postpartum in LoB CS cows.Among genes related with oxidative stress, the expression of the cytosolic antioxidant enzyme SOD1 was greater in LoB CS compared to HiB CS. Cows in LoB CS compared with HiB CS had greater overal expression of ABDH5 and ATGL along with ADIPOQ, indicating enhanced basal lipolysis and secretion of adiponectin. Expression of CPT1 A, ACADVL, and ACOX1 was greater overal in HiB CS than LoB CS indicating enhanced NEFA oxidation. Although the temporal increase in plasma NEFA regardless of BCS coincided with the profile of CPT1 A, the gradual decrease in genes related with reesterification of NEFA(PCK1) and glycerol efflux(AQP7) coupled with an increase in glycerol kinase(GK) suggested some stimulation of NEFA utilization within adipose tissue. This idea is supported in part by the gradual decrease in insulin regardless of BCS. Although expression of the inflammation-related gene toll-like receptor 4( TLR4) was greater in Hi BCS versus Lo BCS cows at-10 d, expression of TLR9 was greater in Hi BCS versus Lo BCS at 20 d.These profiles did not seem to be associated with concentrations of pro-inflammatory biomarkers or ROM.Conclusions: Overall, data indicated that cows with BCS 3.25 or lower before calving experienced greater alterations in systemic inflammation and basal lipolysis without excessive increases in NEFA plasma concentrations.Despite the greater plasma NEFA around parturition, cows with BCS 3.75 or higher seemed to have a more active system for catabolism of NEFA and utilization of glycerol within adipose tissue. A linkage between those pathways and risk of disorders postpartum remains to be determined.     

熏蒸灭菌对连作马铃薯生长发育及土壤微生物的影响

采用土壤熏蒸灭菌的方法,分析了连作土壤灭菌对盆栽马铃薯生长发育及根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响.结果表明：土壤熏蒸灭菌对马铃薯主要光合特征参数影响规律较复杂,连作时间长短对叶片光合能力有显著影响;连作土壤熏蒸灭菌后,马铃薯具有较低的光合强度、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和较高的胞间CO2浓度.熏蒸土壤马铃薯光合作用的影响是由非气孔限制引起,水分因子可能是影响马铃薯叶片气孔导度下降的主要原因.连作提高了植物超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,降低了马铃薯叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（POD）活性.熏蒸灭菌在一定程度上缓解了不利马铃薯生长的环境因素,但马铃薯连作栽培障碍引起的过氧化反应没有完全消除.连作5年、10年土壤熏蒸灭菌提高了Biolog Eco板平均颜色变化率（AWCD）;与未灭菌相比,培养96h时AWCD分别提高30.9%～41.6%和2.7%～12.8%.连作土壤微生物对单一碳源底物利用能力一直较高,土壤微生物群落利用碳源的功能多样性也较高,但持续连作土壤微生物对碳源利用有趋于微生物功能多样性单一的趋势.