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101.
Joseph C. Brown Matthew H. Shirley Amante Yog-yog Merlijn van Weerd Marites G. Balbas Bernard A. Tarun Cameron D. Siler 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(10):2817-2829
- Intermediate metrics of translocation success are useful for long-lived, slow to mature species where survival and reproduction happen over decades.
- With fewer than 150 individuals in the wild, the Critically Endangered Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) is one of the most threatened species on Earth. This study presents the first analysis of diet and body condition of wild Philippine crocodiles and headstarted (i.e. captive-reared) individuals released into the wild over the last decade, and uses these results to show how diet and body condition can be pertinent intermediate metrics of translocation success.
- Analyses of stomach contents revealed 17 different aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate prey species. Interestingly, 70% of Philippine crocodiles showed snails to be the predominent prey type, followed by fish (36.7%), birds (33.3%) and reptiles (33.3%). More than 50% of crocodiles consumed the invasive golden apple snail, a leading agricultural pest. Regardless of crocodile history (wild vs. headstarted) or size class (juvenile vs. adult), no evidence was found for dietary differences in percentage occurrence, percentage composition or prey diversity.
- Body condition was significantly higher in wild compared with headstarted individuals when analysed together in a pooled group, although neither group differed significantly from the standardized expectation, and headstarted individuals were not significantly different when body condition was derived independently for the two groups.
- This study provides a working example of how assessing the convergence of diet and body condition between translocated and wild individuals can provide complementary monitoring parameters to demonstrate post-release establishment of translocated crocodylians. The congruent dietary composition and comparable body condition observed in this study suggest that headstarted crocodiles adapt well following release.
- Crocodylus mindorensis survives in an agricultural landscape and is likely to play an ecologically important role by exploiting invasive species, reinforcing the importance of this species to local communities.
102.
Wachira Kaguongo Gladys Maingi Ian Barker Nancy Nganga Joseph Guenthner 《American Journal of Potato Research》2014,91(1):109-118
Although potatoes are the second most valuable crop in Kenya, poor seed potato quality has limited industry expansion. The objectives of this study were to describe the seed potato system, identify problems, determine use of high-quality seed and estimate farmer willingness to pay (WTP) for different types of seed. Data was collected from interviews, forums and surveys. A contingent valuation method (CVM) model was also developed to analyze the factors that influence farmer WTP. It was found that the seed system consists of three sub-components: Formal, Semi-Formal and Farmer. More than 96 % of Kenya seed potatoes were produced in the Farmer category, and were considered to be poor quality. Growers identified bacterial wilt, viral diseases and late blight as the most serious problems. The WTP model revealed that farmer age, distance to seed source, potato training, gender and region were statistically significant explanatory variables. The study recommends that training be conducted to increase production of “clean seed” and “positively-selected seed” in the Semi-Formal part of the seed system. 相似文献
103.
Mehtab Muhammad ASLAM Eyalira J. OKAL Aisha Lawan IDRIS Zhang QIAN Weifeng XU Joseph K. KARANJA Shabir H. WANI Wei YUAN 《土壤圈》2022,32(1):61-74
Beneficial root-associated rhizospheric microbes play a key role in maintaining host plant growth and can potentially allow drought-resilient crop production. The complex interaction of root-associated microbes mainly depends on soil type, plant genotype, and soil moisture. However, drought is the most devastating environmental stress that strongly reduces soil biota and can restrict plant growth and yield. In this review, we discussed our mechanistic understanding of drought and microbial response traits. Additionally, we highlighted the role of beneficial microbes and plant-derived metabolites in alleviating drought stress and improving crop growth. We proposed that future research might focus on evaluating the dynamics of root-beneficial microbes under field drought conditions. The integrative use of ecology, microbial, and molecular approaches may serve as a promising strategy to produce more drought-resilient and sustainable crops. 相似文献
104.
Craig A. DeMars Daniel K. Rosenberg Joseph B. Fontaine 《Biological conservation》2010,143(6):1485-19602
With recent emphasis on sustainable agriculture, conservation of native biota within agricultural systems has become a priority. Remnant trees have been hypothesized to increase biological diversity in agro-ecosystems. We investigated how remnant Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) trees contribute to conserving bird diversity in the agro-ecosystem of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. We compared bird use of isolated oak trees in three landscape contexts - croplands, pastures, and oak savanna reserves - and ranked the relative importance of four factors thought to influence bird use of individual trees: (i) tree architecture; (ii) tree isolation; (iii) tree cover in the surrounding landscape; and (iv) landscape context, defined as the surrounding land use. We evaluated species-specific responses and four community-level responses: (i) total species richness; (ii) richness of oak savanna-associates; (iii) tree forager richness; and (iv) aerial and ground forager richness. We documented 47 species using remnant oaks, including 16 species typically occurring in oak savanna. Surprisingly, landscape context was unimportant in predicting frequency of use of individual trees. Tree architecture, in particular tree size, and tree cover in the surrounding landscape were the best predictors of bird use of remnant trees. Our findings demonstrate that individual remnant trees contribute to landscape-level conservation of bird diversity, acting as keystone habitat structures by providing critical resources for species that could not persist in otherwise treeless agricultural fields. Because remnant trees are rarely retained in contemporary agricultural landscapes in the United States, retention of existing trees and recruitment of replacement trees will contribute to regional conservation goals. 相似文献
105.
We studied the photostabilizing effect of the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine on the following three model photounstable biocontrol agents: the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ), the baculovirus Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrosis virus ( SlNPV ), and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana . The photoprotection provided by berberine was evaluated following various periods of simulated sunlight-UV irradiation. Insecticidal activity of Bt and SlNPV , as well as the rate of B. bassiana spore germination served as parameters for the photostabilizing effects. Only a berberine- Bt complex is effective, as practically no photostabilization was evident by just mixing the two components. The UV-sensitive SlNPV and B. bassiana spores were considerably photostabilzed by berberine. The role of the cationic nature of the berberine molecule and the importance of its absorbance spectrum in photostabilization of biocontrol agents are discussed. 相似文献
106.
107.
以Glu-1位点正常和部分缺失的小麦品系为材料,探讨HMW-GS和LMW-GS组成与谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布和面团特性的关系,为利用HMW-GS缺失系改良小麦品质提供理论依据。在20个供试硬白冬麦品系中,1个品系为Glu-A1位点缺失,5个品系为Glu-D1缺失,3个品系为Glu-A1和Glu-D1双缺失。所有品系的蛋白质含量皆较高(13.39%~14.12%),品系间无显著差异,缺失系与非缺失系间也无显著差异。Glu-1位点缺失显著降低了高分子量谷蛋白/低分子量谷蛋白比(HMW/LMW)、不溶性谷蛋白大聚体的含量和百分比。谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比(GLU/GLI)在基因型间变幅较小,且在缺失系和非缺失系间无显著差异。Glu-1位点缺失显著降低了面团弹性,但显著提高了面团的延展性。部分Glu-1位点缺失系仍具有较高的面团强度和突出的延展性,谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布和面团特性受谷蛋白亚基组成和表达量的共同影响。研究结果表明,利用Glu-1位点亚基缺失可能是改善面筋延展性,提高食品加工品质的方法之一。 相似文献
108.
Cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) capable of yielding well at low levels of native or added phosphorus (P)
are highly desirable in many tropical production systems. The objective of the present study was to identify geographical
regions which might be sources of such genotypes. A total of 364 landraces, cultivars and wild genotypes, drawn from a broad
geographic range, were divided on the basis of growth habit into four field trials, each comprising two levels of P, stressed
and unstressed, on an infertile Andosol in Popayan, Colombia. The regression relationship between grain yield per plant in
the presence and in the absence of stress was determined, and each genotype's deviation from this relationship was used as
a measure of P-efficiency. There was highly significant variation in efficiency among genotypes in all growth habits, and
in climbing beans there were consistent regional differences, superior genotypes being identified with greater frequency among
those from Bolivia, West Mexico and South Mexico-West Guatemala. The latter region was promising for prostrate bush genotypes
also. Wild beans in general performed relatively poorly; it appears that P-efficiency traits in P. vulgaris have been acquired
during or after domestication. These results confirm that genetic differences in P-efficiency exist among common bean genotypes
and suggest that these are related to geographic origin. Furthermore, the use of a representative sample of germplasm can
help to identify segments of the gene bank that are especially promising as sources of desirable traits.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
109.
Riley MB Dumas JA Gbur EE Massey JH Mattice JD Mersie W Mueller TC Potter T Senseman SA Watson E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(13):5079-5083
An interlaboratory study was conducted to compare pesticide recovery from Empore C(18) and Speedisks C(18)XF solid phase extraction disks after shipping. Four pesticides were used for the comparison of the two disk extraction materials: atrazine, diazinon, metolachlor, and tebuconazole. These pesticides were chosen to provide a range of physiochemical properties. Water samples were extracted onto the disk types and shipped to a cooperating laboratory for elution and analysis. The mean recoveries from Empore disks were atrazine, 95%; diazinon, 91%; metolachlor, 92%; and tebuconazole, 83%. The recoveries from Speedisks C(18)XF were atrazine, 89%; diazinon, 87%; metolachlor, 86%; and tebuconazole, 79%. Means for each of the pesticides using the different disk types were not statistically different (alpha = 0.05), but results were more variable when using Speedisks C(18)XF as compared to Empore disks. Reasons for the increased variability are discussed, but overall results indicate that Speedisks C(18)XF could be used as an alternative to Empore disks. Speedisks C(18)XF are enclosed in a plastic housing, so they can be used more easily in remote sampling sites without the possibility of glassware breakage, no prefiltration of samples is needed, and there are realignment problems that can be associated with the Empore disks. 相似文献
110.
Suppakul P Miltz J Sonneveld K Bigger SW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(11):3197-3207
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a popular culinary herb, and its essential oils have been used extensively for many years in food products, perfumery, and dental and oral products. Basil essential oils and their principal constituents were found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and mold. The present paper reviews primarily the topic of basil essential oils with regards to their chemical composition, their effect on microorganisms, the test methods for antimicrobial activity determination, and their possible future use in food preservation or as the active (antimicrobial), slow release, component of an active package. 相似文献