含可溶物玉米酒糟添加于肉牛犊日粮的试验研究

1引言玉米酒糟副产品已越来越常见,这也促使畜牧生产商不断的投诸于这种饲料。依阿华肉牛研究中心发现：在依阿华州,较饲育场其它生产商相比,牛犊饲养人员较少的利用这一饲料资源。而由Leopold可持续农业发展中心基金赞助的一项维期三年的试验项目正是旨在研究评价不同的饲喂生产雌性肉牛牛犊的方案。（注：此报告为第一年的研究结果。）     

Leaching requirement for salinity control III. Barley,cowpea, and celery

Leaching requirement, the smallest steady-state leaching fraction which prevents any loss in crop yield, was determined for barley, cowpea, and celery in field plots at the U.S. Salinity Laboratory. Six replicated leaching-fraction treatments were irrigated many times each day with small quantities of water having an electrical conductivity of 2.3 dS/m. The crops were grown in succession between January 1979 and September 1981.The leaching requirement (L_r) was 0.10 for barley grain and 0.13 for barley forage. For cowpea seed, L_r was 0.16; 0.17 for cowpea forage. L_r for celery was 0.14. These experimentally determined values for barley and cowpea seed are higher by about 0.05 than those predicted by a leaching-requirement model based on an exponential crop water-uptake pattern. The experimental values for celery and cowpea forage are lower than predicted values by 0.06. These differences are not considered significant, however, when considered in terms of the small differences in water applications (about 25 mm) to cause these changes in L_r. Evapotranspiration during each crop's growing season coincident with L_r was 410, 630, and 460 mm for barley, cowpea, and celery, respectively.     

BUDGET ANALYSIS OF PENAEID SHRIMP HATCHERY FACILITIES

One of the critical factors in commercial penaeid shrimp culture production is the availability of postlarvae to stock grow-out ponds. This study investigates the economic feasibility of rearing penaeid shrimp from nauplii to postlarvae (hatchery phase). The facility design used is based on the hatchery operated by Texas A&M university at Galveston, Texas. The Generalized Budget Simulation Model for Aquaculture developed at Texas A&M University was used for the analysis. A ten-year planning horizon was used for the analysis. Six different systems ranging in size from 5 ten-metric ton tanks to 60 ten-metric ton tanks were examined. Annual cost and return budgets were developed for the six systems assuming they operated 6 and 12 months per year. Investment costs, break-even prices and quantities, and net present value were estimated for each system. Results show that commercial hatcheries, using 10-metric ton tanks, could be profitable above and including 20 tanks for those operating only six months annually and above and including 10 tanks for those operating 12 months annually.     

DECREASED TOXICITY OF COPPER AND MANGANESE IONS TO SHRIMP NAUPLII (Penaeus stylirostris STIMPSON) IN THE PRESENCE OF EDTA

Although ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used routinely in the intensive culture of penaeid shrimp larvae to increase both the percentage of eggs that hatch and the survival of larvae, the mode of action is not known. To explain EDTA's beneficial effect this study compares the toxicities of copper and manganese divalent ions in the presence and absence of 10 mg EDTA/liter seawater. Toxicity was evaluated in terms of the percentage of Penaeus stylirostris nauplii surviving after 12 and 24 hours of exposure to either copper or manganese and in terms of the percentage of nauplii that metamorphose to the protozoeal stage. In the absence of EDTA, copper and manganese ions were toxic to nauplii with copper causing 100% mortality at a much lower concentration (20 μM) than manganese (20,000 μM). In the presence of EDTA, survival of nauplii exposed to copper was increased but survival of nauplii exposed to manganese was not affected. At concentrations lower than the levels that reduce survival, copper ions (0.2 μM) and manganese ions (2 μM) reduce the percentage of nauplii that metamorphose to protozoea. In the presence of EDTA, the percentage of nauplii that metamorphose to protozoea is increased with both nauplii exposed to copper ions and nauplii exposed to manganese ions. The beneficial effects of EDTA are probably due to the chelation of copper and manganese ions by EDTA. Chelation lowers the free concentration of these ions and thus reduces their toxicities.     

Minimizing salt in drain water by irrigation management — Leaching studies with alfalfa

An alfalfa experiment was conducted in the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District of Southwest Arizona to determine the potential for minimizing the salt load in irrigation return flow by decreased leaching. Three leaching treatments of 5, 10, and 20%, replicated five times, were imposed on a 2-ha field. The crop was irrigated with Colorado River water (electrical conductivity of 1.3 dS m^?1) through a lateral-move, spray-type irrigation system. Results were compared with those of an adjacent area irrigated with level basin flooding.The average annual evapotranspiration during the 4-year study was 1930 mm. Several indirect measures of the leaching fractions attained gave average values of 6.4, 9.3, and 13.1% for the three leaching treatments. Mean annual yields were 21.5 and 22.9 Mg ha^?1 for 1977 and 1978 in the experimental plots, with no significant differences among leaching treatments, and 25.7 and 20.8 Mg ha^?1 in the adjacent flooded check. The results suggest that full yields could be attained with as little as 5% leaching.Estimates based on average on-farm irrigation efficiency for alfalfa in the District in 1979, indicate that 5% leaching, if attainable, would reduce the salt load in the irrigation return flow by 39 000 Mg year^?1 on 8 000 ha of alfalfa.