欧姆加热过程中苹果浆的电导率及VC降解规律研究

研究了苹果浆的欧姆加热规律及VC的降解动力学,考察了温度和果浆含量对电导率的影响以及电场强度、果浆含量对加热速率的影响。结果表明,苹果浆的电导率随温度的升高而增大,且呈线性关系;随着果浆含量的增加,电导率和加热速率都在增加;随着电场强度的增大,加热速率增加。苹果浆中VC对热不稳定,苹果浆中VC降解符合动力学一级反应,得到的苹果浆中VC的预测模型,经验证与实测值拟合较好,表明该模型是合理的。     

不同初植密度兴安落叶松人工林木材解剖特征的径向变异

以东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场老山实验站的落叶松人工林为例．对３种初植密度（１．５ｍ ×２．０ｍ、２．５ｍ×２．５ｍ、３．０ｍ×３．０ｍ）林分的落叶松人工林木材解剖特征的径向变异模式进行研究。结 果表明：①微纤丝角、管胞壁厚与种植密度呈负相关；胞壁率与种植密度呈正相关。②管胞长度、管胞直径、微 纤丝角、管胞壁厚、胞壁率等指标均表现为差异显著。作为纸浆材培育宜选择 ３． ０ ｍ × ３． ０ ｍ的初植密度．有利 于提高纸张质量。     

油松球果小卷蛾化蛹行为

为了有效防治油松球果小卷蛾(Gravitarmata margarotana)对红松(Pinus koraiensis)的危害,在实验室内对其化蛹行为进行了研究。结果表明:油松球果小卷蛾幼虫无自发的聚集化蛹行为;在土壤及松针中幼虫均能结丝茧并在其中化蛹,但在光滑的容器里不能启动结茧行为,从而化蛹失败。光照对幼虫在土中化蛹场所的选择有影响,在暗区化蛹的数量明显高于光照区;土壤结构对幼虫化蛹场所的选择无影响,在壤土和沙土中化蛹的数量无明显差别。     

Chemical characteristics and relative bioavailability of supplemental organic copper sources for poultry

Five commercially available organic Cu products and reagent-grade CuSO4 x 5H2O (Cu Sulf) were evaluated by polarographic analysis and solubility in 0.1 M K2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffer (pH 5), 0.2 M HCl-KCl buffer (pH 2), or deionized water. Fractions from these solubility tests were evaluated by gel filtration chromatography for structural integrity. The organic sources were Cu lysine complex (Cu Lys), Cu amino acid chelate (Cu AA), Cu proteinate A (Cu ProA), Cu proteinate B (Cu ProB), and Cu proteinate C (Cu ProC). Separation of peaks in the chromatograms for the soluble Cu fraction from deionized water indicated that 77, 31, 69, 94, and 16% of the Cu remained chelated for the above sources, respectively. Two experiments were conducted to estimate the relative bioavailability of Cu from the organic Cu supplements for chicks when added at high dietary concentrations to practical corn-soybean meal diets. Liver Cu concentration increased (P < 0.0001) as dietary Cu increased in both experiments. When Cu Sulf was assigned a value of 100% as the standard, linear regression slope ratios of log10 liver Cu concentration regressed on added dietary Cu concentration gave estimated relative bioavailability values of 124 +/- 5.1, 122 +/- 5.3, and 111 +/- 6.0 for Cu Lys, Cu AA, and Cu ProC, respectively, in Exp. 1. The bioavailability estimates for Cu Lys and Cu AA were greater (P < 0.05) than that for Cu Sulf. Values in Exp. 2 were 111 +/- 7.6, 109 +/- 8.4, and 105 +/- 7.5 for Cu Lys, Cu ProA, and Cu ProB, respectively, and all sources were similar in value for chicks. Solubility of Cu in pH 2 buffer provided the best prediction of bioavailability (r2 = 0.924). Other indicators of chelation integrity and solubility had little value as predictors of bioavailability (r2 < or = 0.445).     

检测实验动物弓形虫感染的两种PCR方法的建立和比较

为了建立敏感、稳定、特异的PCR检测体系，用于实验动物弓形虫感染的检测。采用B1基因设计引物，建立常规PCR，用P30基因设计引物，建立巢式PCR；用两种PCR方法检测实验感染弓形虫小鼠血液和腹腔波中的DNA动态变化；用巢式PCR检测自然状态下的普通级豚鼠、教学和科研用兔的弓形虫感染率，并和常规PCR检到结果比较。结果，巢式PCR可检测到1fgDNA含量，比常规PCR敏感lOO倍；对其他微生物DNA无交叉现象，特异性强；对同一样品重复检测3次，阴、阳性结果一致，稳定性好。小鼠感染弓形虫2d后，巢式PCR对小民腹腔液的阳性检出率为83．3％，对血液的阳性检出率为33．3％；感染3d后，腹腔液阳性检出率为100％；而常规PCR在小鼠感染3d和4d后才能在腹腔液和血液中检测到，检出率各为16．7％。受检普通级豚鼠没有感染弓形虫，教学和科研用兔的弓形虫总感染率为14．3％。结论认为，巢式PCR方法可用于实验动物弓形虫早期感染的检测，具有敏感性高、特务性强、稳定性好的特点。     

Soil nitrogen distribution and deposition on shortgrass prairie adjacent to a beef cattle feedyard

Cattle feedyards can impact local environments through emission of ammonia and dust deposited on nearby land. Impacts range from beneficial fertilization of cropland to detrimental effects on sensitive ecosystems. Shortgrass prairie downwind from an adjacent feedyard on the southern High Plains of Texas, USA changed from perennial grasses to annual weeds. It was hypothesized that N enrichment from the feedyard initiated the cascade of negative ecological change. Objectives were to determine the distribution of soil nitrogen and estimate N loading to the pasture. Soil samples were collected from 119 locations across the pasture and soil total N (TN), nitrate-N and ammonium-N (AN) determined in the top 30 cm. Soil TN concentration decreased with distance downwind from the feedyard from 1.6 ± 0.2 g kg⁻¹ at 75 m to 1.2 ± 0.05 g kg⁻¹ at 582 m. Nitrate-N concentration decreased within 200 m of the feedyard and changed little at greater distances. Ammonium-N concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing distance from the feedyard from 7.9 ± 1.7 mg kg⁻¹ within 75 m from the feedyard to 5.8 ± 1.5 mg kg⁻¹ at more than 550 m from the feedyard; however, distance only explained 12% of the variability in AN concentration. Maximum nitrogen loading, from 75 to 106 m from the feedyard, was 49 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 34 years and decreased with distance from the feedyard. An estimate of net dry deposition of ammonia indicated that it contributed negligibly to N loading to the pasture. Nitrogen enrichment that potentially shifted vegetation from perennial grasses to annual weeds affected soil N up to 500 m from the feedyard; however, measured organic and inorganic N beyond that returned to typical and expected levels for undisturbed shortgrass prairie.

福建铁观音茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的环境质量现状分析

为了解福建省铁观音茶园土壤中主要污染元素的含量状况及其对茶叶生产的影响, 采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法研究了福建省铁观音茶主产地安溪、华安和永春县150 个茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的含量, 并进行了环境质量现状评价。结果表明, 所有土壤的镉、铅、氟含量, 97%以上土壤的铬、砷、汞含量均低于茶叶产地环境技术条件(NY/T 853—2004)中相应的限量; 92%以上土壤的镉、铬、砷、汞含量和70%以上土壤的铅含量低于有机茶产地环境条件(NY 5199—2002)中相应的限量。变质岩发育的土壤镉和氟含量较高, 砂岩类发育的土壤铬含量较高, 流纹质凝灰岩类发育的土壤铅含量较高, 流纹岩类发育的土壤砷含量较高, 闪长岩类发育的土壤汞和铜含量较高; 水稻土改种的茶园土壤镉、铅和汞含量较高, 铬和砷含量较低; 赤红壤发育的土壤中铅含量较高, 黄壤发育的土壤中铬和砷含量较高, 红壤发育的土壤中铜含量较高。就所研究的元素而言, 大部分供试茶园土壤是清洁和安全的。     

10％多·三环悬浮种衣剂的高效液相色谱分析

本文叙述的是采用反相高效液相色谱法即以甲醇+水+氨水为流动相,C8柱和紫外检测器同柱分离测定多菌灵和三环唑,结果表明三环唑和多菌灵的标准偏差分别为0.19和0.087,变异系数分别为0.87%和0.54%,平均回收率分别为99.6%和100.8%,线性关系分别为0.9994和0.9992。