干旱胁迫对芸豆种子萌发及生理特性的影响

采用浓度水平分别为5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液,模拟干旱进行胁迫处理,研究干旱胁迫对芸豆种子萌发与幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明：发芽进程、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数等指标在轻度干旱胁迫时（5%）均无显著变化,随着干旱胁迫增加,萌发指标受到抑制作用而降低,胁迫越大,降幅越大;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性则随干旱胁迫增加呈先增后降的趋势,SOD、CAT酶活性在10%浓度PEG处理时达最大,而POD酶活性在15%浓度时最大;丙二醛、脯氨酸含量的变化则呈单峰曲线趋势。     

马铃薯SSR引物的开发、特征分析及在彩色马铃薯材料中的扩增研究

彩色马铃薯较普通栽培马铃薯具有更丰富的营养物质,特别是富含抗氧化物质花青素,是近年来育种家研究的焦点。迄今为止开发的马铃薯SSR引物数量有限,特别是彩薯相关的SSR引物。本研究基于马铃薯全基因组序列利用MISA软件对SSR位点进行了分析。研究发现,在马铃薯全基因组序列中共获得218,997个SSR位点,平均3.39 kb出现一个SSR位点。单核苷酸是主要重复类型,占总SSR的62.05%,其次是二核苷酸和三核苷酸,所占比例为22.39%和13.11%。6种核苷酸类型的重复次数分布在5～746次,以5～10次为主,占总SSR的60.9%。在检测到的全部SSR中,共获得215种基元类型,除六核苷酸重复类型外,其他5种核苷酸重复类型的优势基元均以含有A/T-的基序为主。SSR基序长度主要分布在12～20bp之间,占全部SSR的43.19%。通过Primer5共设计出100对SSR引物,利用彩薯双亲的DNA初步筛选出48对可以扩增出条带的引物,有效扩增率达48%。进一步验证引物的有效性,随机选择F2群体的6个单株进行PCR扩增,筛选出条带清晰稳定,多态性较高的引物26对,平均多态性比率为72....     

抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦新种质H3714和H4058的培育与鉴定

在我国小麦主产区均有禾谷孢囊线虫(CCN,Heterodera spp.)发生。限于有效抗源的严重匮乏,抗CCN育种研究一直难以规模化开展。Madsen是一个抗孢囊线虫的美国冬小麦品种,但抽穗偏晚使其很难在育种上迅速利用。本研究利用中国小麦品种烟农21和济麦19与Madsen杂交和回交,从BC1F4代中选育出稳定品系H3714和H4058。田间病圃和温室接种鉴定结果表明,这2个品系对河南省H.avenae荥阳群体(致病型Ha43)和H.filipjevi许昌群体(致病型Hfc-1)的抗性显著优于烟农21和济麦19。在接种条件下,两个品系表现成株期白粉病抗性,H4058苗期还可抗不同白粉菌菌株。2个品系的抽穗期与烟农21和济麦19相似,明显早于Madsen。利用偏凸山羊草2NS染色体特异分子标记VENTRIUP-LN2及该染色体上Vrga1D基因特异分子标记Vlr2.6-3′-Vlr2.4-5′和VRGA-F11-VRGA-R5分析,发现H3714和H4058含有偏凸山羊草2NS染色体片段,且该染色体片段来自Madsen。根据Illumina i Select 90K SNP分析结果,两个品系的染色体构成存在差异。在检测到两个品系共有的4918个多态性SNP中,2/3的SNP位点在2个姊妹系间表现相同,另外1/3的SNP位点表现不同。本研究培育的抗禾谷孢囊线虫小麦新种质H3714和H4058可作为培育抗线虫小麦品种的抗源。     

Erhualian and Pietrain pigs exhibit distinct behavioral, endocrine and biochemical responses during transport

This study describes the breed-specific coping characteristics of pigs in response to transport stress. The dynamic changes of behavior, the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the plasma concentrations of stress and metabolic hormones in Erhualian (EHL) and Pietrain (PIE) pigs during 2 h transport were investigated. The majority of the behavior of EHL pigs consisted of oral/nasal/facial (ONF) and fit behaviors during the initial observations (first 15 min after start), and these behaviors were replaced by increased time sitting and lying in later observations (middle and last 15 min of transport). In contrast, PIE pigs showed high levels of ONF behaviors in initial observation, followed by high frequency and duration of standing during the middle and the last observation period. PIE pigs demonstrated significantly higher plasma CK (P < 0.01) and LDH activities (P < 0.05). There were significant effects of time and time × breed interaction (P < 0.05) on CK activities (P < 0.01) in both breeds. Plasma ACTH levels did not differ between breeds, yet a significant effect of time (P < 0.05) was shown during transport. EHL pigs exhibited consistently higher basal and stimulated plasma cortisol levels (P < 0.05). There were significant time effects on metabolic hormones (insulin, T3 and T4) (P < 0.01), whereas no significant breed effect for these hormones were found. These results indicate that different coping strategies apply in EHL pigs, as reflected by different behavioral, endocrine and biochemical responses during transport as compared with PIE pigs.     

Pm52——小麦品种良星99抗白粉病基因的有效性

良星99是黄淮冬麦区和北部冬麦区推广的抗白粉病冬小麦品种,其抗白粉病基因位于2BL染色体,已被命名为Pm52。利用来自不同小麦生产区的123个小麦白粉菌菌株进行抗性鉴定,良星99可抗80%的菌株。2012-2016年连续5个生长季抗性鉴定中,良星99在成株期对接种的白粉菌混合菌株都表现免疫或高抗。采用Pm52基因紧密连锁分子标记Xgwm120和27个菌株对10个利用良星99培育的品系进行分子检测和抗性分析发现,衡4568、邯农2312、中信麦99和DH51302可能携带Pm52基因,而郑麦369和冀麦729的白粉病抗性基因可能与Pm52不同。石U09-4366、XR4429、衡10-5039和农大3486苗期和成株期都表现感病,不含Pm52基因。这些品种的成株期抗性反应与苗期的抗性反应一致。本研究的结果有利于良星99的抗白粉病基因Pm52在育种和生产上的有效利用。     

CO2浓度升高对不同水分条件下冬小麦生长和水分利用的影响

以CO₂浓度升高为主要特征的气候变化对作物生长发育及产量形成的影响日益受到重视。冬小麦是我国主要粮食作物之一, 主要分布在干旱及半干旱地区, 且生长期内多干旱少雨。研究不同水分条件下冬小麦的生长变化及水分利用对CO₂浓度升高的响应具有重要的科学和实践意义。本研究在封顶式生长室中对2个土壤水分水平[适宜水分: 70%~80%田间持水量; 干旱胁迫: 50%~60%田间持水量]的盆栽冬小麦进行了CO₂熏蒸试验[背景大气浓度: (396.1±29.2) μmol·mol^-1; 升高的浓度: (760.1±36.1)μmol·mol^-1]。对小麦植株生理指标、生物量、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)等的研究结果表明, 与背景大气CO₂浓度相比, CO₂浓度升高可促进冬小麦生长, 其地上生物量显著增加, 适宜水分和干旱胁迫条件下分别增加了28.6%和18.6%; 籽粒产量显著增加, 适宜水分和干旱胁迫条件下分别增加了32.6%和22.6%; CO₂浓度升高主要通过增加穗粒数提高籽粒产量, 穗粒数在适宜水分条件下提高24.3%, 干旱胁迫条件下提高15.5%, 对千粒重没有显著影响。CO₂浓度升高使群体和产量WUE显著提高, 在适宜水分条件下提高幅度较大, 分别提高17.7%和24.8%。CO₂浓度升高显著提高了叶片光合速率(P_n)、降低了气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r); 在适宜水分和干旱胁迫下P_n分别提高15.6%与12.9%, G_s分别降低22.7%与18.2%, T_r分别降低8.9%与7.5%。CO₂浓度升高提高了叶片水势及叶绿素含量; 在适宜水分条件下叶片水势提高幅度较大, 为7.7%; 叶片叶绿素含量在2种水分条件分别提高7.5%与3.8%。由以上试验结果可得出: CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦的生长、产量及水分利用效率均具有促进作用, 而且在土壤水分状况较好时, 这种作用效果更明显; CO₂浓度升高主要通过增加穗粒数来促进产量提高。     

元宝枫叶片挥发物成分及其季节差异

采用固相微萃取结合气质联用仪（SPME–GC–MS）检测了元宝枫（Acer truncatum Bunge.）叶片春、夏、秋季挥发物的释放,同时利用CIRAS-Ⅱ型光合仪测定了其主要光合参数,分析了元宝枫挥发物的主要成分、季节变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明,元宝枫挥发物的主要成分是酯类,其次是醇和醛类及萜烯类物质,主要物质有3–己烯醛、3–己烯醇、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯和β–石竹烯。挥发物总峰面积为春季 > 夏季 > 秋季,主要物质的释放规律不同,挥发物总峰面积与气孔导度呈显著正相关,与温度、净光合速率及蒸腾速率的变化趋势一致,与光合有效辐射的变化不一致。     

盐度和氮素对向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)光合速率和生长状况的影响

Understanding the interactions between salinity and fertilizers is of significant importance for enhancing crop yield and fertilizeruse efficiency. In this study a complete block design experiment was performed in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia,China, to evaluate the effects of interactions between soil salinity and nitrogen(N) application rate on sunflower photosynthesis and growth and to determine the optimum N application rate for sunflower growth in the district. Four levels of soil salinity expressed as electrical conductivity(0.33–0.60, 0.60–1.22, 1.2–2.44, and 2.44–3.95 dS m-1) and three application rates of N fertilization(90, 135,and 180 kg ha-1) were applied to 36 micro-plots. Soil salinity inhibited the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, plant height, leaf area, and aboveground dry matter of sunflowers. The intercellular CO2 concentration first decreased and then increased with increasing soil salinity in the seedling stage, and the instantaneous leaf water-use efficiency fluctuated with soil salinity. The stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of sunflowers alternated in the seedling stage; however, in the bud, blooming,and mature stages, the stomatal limitation was prevalent when the salinity level was lower than 2.44 dS m-1, whereas the nonstomatal limitation was predominant above the salinity level. The application of N fertilizer alleviated the adverse effects of salinity on sunflower photosynthesis and growth to some extent. During some key growth periods, such as the seedling and bud stages, a moderate N application rate(135 kg ha-1) resulted in the maximum photosynthetic rate and yielded the maximum dry matter. We suggest a moderate N application rate(135 kg ha-1) for the Hetao Irrigation District and other sunflower-growing areas with similar ecological conditions.