以嘉陵江为例构建并分析有毒鱼类风险评估体系

摘要：为提高人们对淡水有毒鱼类的认知、增强公众的防范意识、减少不必要的损失,也为有毒鱼类的深入研究奠定基础,本研究初步构建了有毒鱼类风险评估体系,并对嘉陵江已知的18种有毒鱼类展开应用探索。该风险评估体系从有毒鱼类毒性属性、群体属性以及社会属性展开,共包括3个一级指标、8个二级指标和26个三级指标。通过对各有毒鱼类的各指标赋值,其后,根据各指标已确定的权重,从而得出各有毒鱼类的风险评估值,确定其风险等级。结果显示,在嘉陵江已知的18种有毒鱼类中,有4种被界定为高风险有毒鱼类,包括草鱼、鲤、鲇以及鳜,其余14种皆为中风险有毒鱼类。卡方检验（χ2）结果表明,嘉陵江不同风险等级有毒鱼类在食性类别、分布水层、分布范围及繁殖特征上差异不显著（P＞0.05）。该评估体系具有一定的实用价值,但限于对有毒鱼类的认知,本评估体系难免存在不足,未来应当加强对有毒鱼类的研究,以不断地完善该评估体系。本研究加强了人们对于有毒鱼类的了解,为有毒鱼类的科学管理提供了支撑,同时,也为下一步研究奠定了基础。     

Competition of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for binding to shrimp cellular membrane

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are two widespread shrimp viruses. The interference of IHHNV on WSSV was the first reported case of viral interference that involved crustacean viruses and has been subsequently confirmed. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of WSSV resistance through IHHNV infection are practically unknown. In this study, the interference mechanisms between IHHNV and WSSV were studied using a competitive ELISA. The binding of WSSV and IHHNV to cellular membrane of Litopenaeus vannamei was examined. The results suggested that there existed a mutual competition between IHHNV and WSSV for binding to receptors present on cellular membrane of L. vannamei and that the inhibitory effects of WSSV towards IHHNV were more distinct than those of IHHNV towards WSSV.     

脊尾白虾形态性状对体重的相关性及通径分析

随机选取莱州湾、海洲湾和象山湾3个采样地点各75只共计225只脊尾白虾对其11项形态性状进行测量.采用相关分析和通径分析的方法,计算以形态性状为自变量对体重做依变量的相关系数、通径系数、决定系数及相关指数,定量的分析形态性状对体重的影响效果.结果表明,脊尾白虾的10个形态性状与体重的相关系数达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).全长、体长、头胸甲长、尾节长、头胸甲高、头胸甲宽、腹节1宽对体重的通经系数达到了显著水平,是直接影响体重的重要指标.所选形态性状与体重的复相关指数为R2 =0.931,则表明其为影响体重的主要自变量指标;多元回归分析建立全长X1、体长X2、头胸甲长X3、尾节长X5、头胸甲高X6、头胸甲宽X7、腹节1宽X9对体重Y的回归方程∶Y=0.007X1+0.043X2+0.044X3+0.044X5+0.073X6+0.111X7+0.057X9-3.838.     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)“黄海3号”新品种的培育

2006年收集中国对虾“黄海1号”保种群以及海州湾、莱州湾2个野生群体为基础群体构建核心育种群,采用群体选育技术以仔虾Ⅰ期耐氨氮胁迫成活率和收获时对虾体重为选育指标,经过连续5代选育,培育出中国对虾“黄海3号”新品种。新品种耐氨氮胁迫能力强,仔虾Ⅰ期成活率较商品苗种提高21.2%,养殖成活率提高15.2%;生长速度快,收获对虾平均体重较商品苗种提高11.8%。AFLP 技术分析获得5代选育群体的平均多态位点比例分别为42.28%、40.64%、40.32%、39.95%和38.05%。研究结果显示,随着选育世代的增加,选育群体的遗传多样性呈现下降趋势,但随着选育时间的延长,世代之间的分化逐渐降低,群体的遗传结构开始趋于稳定。     

Can fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend be used as fishmeal replacements for Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)?

An experiment was carried out to evaluate fermented soybean meal and squid by‐product blend (1:1) (FP) as replacement of fishmeal (FM) for Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isocaloric (19 kJ g^?1) diets were prepared by replacing 0 (FP0), 12 (FP12), 24 (FP24), 36 (FP36) and 48% (FP48) FM protein with FP. Triplicate groups of juveniles (mean weight of 3.9 g) were delivered the test diets for 8 weeks in a flow‐through sea water system. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among the growth rates of fish fed FP0, FP12, FP24 and FP36 diets. Growth and nutrient utilization parameters were significantly reduced in fish fed FP48 diet. Although, whole body proximate composition of fish were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments compared to the control; methionine and phenylalanine contents were significantly decreased in FP48 group. Protein retention was also significantly decreased in the similar group of fish. Dietary treatments did not alter most of the plasma metabolites, while some of the health parameters were improved in the replacement groups. Results suggested that FP is a potential candidate for alternative protein ingredient in aquafeed and can replace 36% FM protein in the diet of Japanese flounder.     

活品流通过程中虾夷扇贝风味品质的变化

为探索采捕后活品贝类品质的变化规律及评价体系,本研究以活品底播虾夷扇贝为研究对象,针对其闭壳肌的感官及理化特性,系统探讨了在活品流通过程中的风味品质变化规律.根据产业现有的流通模式,建立湿运和干运2条模拟流通链进行为期7d的跟踪研究,通过感官及理化分析监测其风味品质的变化情况;感官监测的指标包含气味、滋味、后味、质地及色泽等5个方面,理化分析包括游离氨基酸、核苷酸关联物、糖原、状态指数CI、剪切力以及蒸煮损失率等指标;针对分析检测结果,首先采用主成分分析方法(PCA)分析风味特征的变化规律,再通过偏最小二乘法(PLS2)对感官和理化二者间的相关性进行分析.研究结果发现,流通链初期,采捕后的剧烈胁迫导致风味品质短暂下降,感官分析出现了苦味、酸味等非愉悦描述词;流通链中期,逐渐适应并处于比较稳定的净化环境条件,风味品质得到恢复,风味特征主要体现在甜味、鲜味、海鲜味等愉悦描述词方面;流通链后期,苦味及酸味等非愉悦描述词再次出现.理化指标的分析结果表明,活品流通过程中扇贝的生命状态整体上呈下降趋势.对比干运与湿运,无论是感官品质还是生命状态,均发现干运在较短期运输(≤2d)时优于湿运,湿运则在较长运输期(≥3 d)时显现出一定优势.感官与理化的相关性分析结果表明,二者之间有关联的特征指标分别为,感官特征的甜(T-ST)、鲜(AT-UM)和奶香(O-DR),理化指标的Gly、Glu、Arg、ATP、AEC及CI,这些指标能够较客观地反映采捕后虾夷扇贝活品流通过程中的风味品质差异,可为建立活品贝类流通过程的品质评价体系提供参考.     

人工诱导池养3+龄鲥鱼性腺发育的初步试验与探讨

通过模似鲥鱼性腺发育的自然生态条件和埋植 LHRH-A 和 Testosterone 缓释放颗粒激素,诱导池养3~+龄鲥鱼性腺发育季至第1期,成熟系数达0.9%。试验摸索出麻醉操作鲥鱼不死的有效方法。对今后鲥鱼全人工繁殖的前景及有关问题进行了探讨.     

中国对虾SRAP分子标记体系正交优化及在遗传多样性分析中的应用

利用正交设计L16(45)对影响中国对虾SRAP分子标记分析的5个因素(Taq酶,Mg2+,模板DNA,dNTP和引物浓度)在4个水平上进行了优化,筛选出各反应因素的最佳水平为:20μl反应体系中包含1.0UTaq酶,2.0mmol/L的Mg2+,40.0ng的模板DNA,0.125mmol/L的dNTP以及0.4μmol/L的引物,退火温度为53.5℃。研究表明,各因素的不同水平对扩增结果有显著影响,其中Mg2+影响最大,影响大小顺序依次为Mg2+,Taq酶,引物,dNTP和模板DNA。利用优化的SRAP分子标记体系对中国对虾"黄海1号"第12世代选育群体进行了遗传多样性分析,实验结果表明,此标记技术可作为中国对虾遗传分析的良好技术工具。遗传多样性分析共筛选出8对可以扩增出清晰稳定条带的引物组合,共获得171个位点,其中多态性位点154个,占90.08%;有效等位基因数为1.7741,期望杂合度均值为0.4219,Shannon多样性指数为0.6055。上述参数值均高于应用AFLP技术对前几代选育群体的遗传多样性分析结果。     

The Effects of Freshwater Clam (Corbicula fluminea) Extract on Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) in Prediabetic Patients in Taiwan

Freshwater clam extract (FCE) is a functional food that regulates the immune system and has been demonstrated in numerous studies to display desirable anti–tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) responses. In addition, excess TNF-α production is positively associated with type 2 diabetes. However, few longitudinal clinical studies evaluating the efficiency and toxicity of FCE are available. This article reports that patients with prediabetes who received FCE had a desirable outcome of a reduction in serum TNF-α for a long period. This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel clinical trial conducted using FCE intervention and placebo groups, and 36 patients with prediabetes were enrolled. Two grams of FCE or placebo was consumed daily for 180 consecutive days. The serum of the participants was collected at four time points (0M: before the intervention; 3M: after 3 months of intervention; 6M: after 6 months of intervention; 12M: 6 months after cessation of intervention at 6M). A serum TNF-α concentration higher than 4.05 pg/mL was defined as a cut-off value. FCE reduced serum TNF-α in all participants at 6M and 12M. Moreover, FCE significantly suppressed serum TNF-α concentrations at 6M and 12M and inhibited TNF-α release with time series in subjects with elevated TNF-α values. FCE intervention effectively reduced serum TNF-α and persistently sustained the effects for half a year in patients with prediabetes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GS-MS) analysis revealed that the major components of FCE were phytosterols and fatty acids, which exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-TNF-α abilities. Hence, FCE has the potential to be developed as a natural treatment for prediabetic patients in Taiwan.     

福建沿海试养中间球海胆的初步研究

为探索中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)在福建沿海季节性养殖的可行性,于2018年11月开展了新品种中间球海胆"大金"南移福州海域养殖试验。试养海胆分为大(壳径3 cm)和小(壳径1 cm)两种规格。采用当地现有的鲍养殖海域和设施,定期投喂海带(Laminaria japonica)和龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)。经过6个月的养殖,福州养殖的大规格海胆壳径达(55.90±2.63)mm,体质量(56.30±6.92)g,性腺指数15.02%±1.5%,海胆生殖腺发育处于成熟前期(Ⅲ期),性腺质量良好,且显著高于大连同期养殖的大规格海胆壳径(46.56±3.88)mm和体质量(39.07±5.05)g(P<0.05)。同时,福州养殖的小规格海胆壳径达(40.97±0.87)mm,体质量(23.18±0.37)g,性腺指数9.64%±1.00%。试养结果表明,冬春季中间球海胆可在福建沿海开展季节性养殖,采用现有海上设施和养殖笼,投喂鲜活大型藻类,海胆的生长速度显著优于同期大连养殖。中间球海胆福建沿海南移养殖是满足其日益增长的市场需求的重要途径。