Galaxies, human eyes, and artificial neural networks

The quantitative morphological classification of galaxies is important for understanding the origin of type frequency and correlations with environment. However, galaxy morphological classification is still mainly done visually by dedicated individuals, in the spirit of Hubble's original scheme and its modifications. The rapid increase in data on galaxy images at low and high redshift calls for a re-examination of the classification schemes and for automatic methods. Here are shown results from a systematic comparison of the dispersion among human experts classifying a uniformly selected sample of more than 800 digitized galaxy images. These galaxy images were then classified by six of the authors independently. The human classifications are compared with each other and with an automatic classification by an artificial neural network, which replicates the classification by a human expert to the same degree of agreement as that between two human experts.     

Energetics, patterns of interaction strengths, and stability in real ecosystems

Ecologists have long been studying stability in ecosystems by looking at the structuring and the strengths of trophic interactions in community food webs. In a series of real food webs from native and agricultural soils, the strengths of the interactions were found to be patterned in a way that is important to ecosystem stability. The patterning consisted of the simultaneous occurrence of strong "top down" effects at lower trophic levels and strong "bottom up" effects at higher trophic levels. As the patterning resulted directly from the energetic organization of the food webs, the results show that energetics and community structure govern ecosystem stability by imposing stabilizing patterns of interaction strengths.     

干旱胁迫下沙棘膜脂过氧化保护体系研究

研究了干旱胁迫下沙棘幼林苗木自由基清除系统活性与沙棘耐旱性的关系.结果表明:长期轻度及中度干旱胁迫下保护酶系统SOD、POD、CAT活性均高于正常水平,重度干旱下3种酶活性均能在胁迫初期随时间延长而上升;抗氧化物质AsA在轻度、中度干旱下高于对照,GSH含量在轻度干旱下含量与对照接近,中度及重度干旱下前、中期随时间延长趋于增加,而后期降低,表明干旱下自由基清除系统活性高,能有效减轻膜脂过氧化伤害,细胞膜透性和MDA含量增加不明显.由于沙棘保护酶体系(SOD、POD、CAT)、抗氧化物质(AsA、GSH)、细胞膜透性和MDA含量增加缓慢,重度干旱下也能在一定时间内保持稳定,这些物质是构成沙棘强耐旱性的内在基础.     

发展农产品快速检测技术确保饮食安全

发展农产品快速检测技术是一项利国利民的大事 ,不仅是保护消费者利益的重大举措 ,也是推进农业结构调整 ,提高农产品市场竞争力 ,增加农民收入的有效措施。建立与国际接轨的农产品及其加工品质量标准体系和检测监督机制、措施 ,进行农产品品质检测重要性的宣传 ,同时认真贯彻执行《中华人民共和国产品质量法》。引进、吸收和消化国外先进的农产品检测技术和设备 ,利用我国农产品生产和加工的人才优势 ,通过政府资助开展农产品检测研究。加速制定有利于无公害食品发展的扶持政策 ,包括对无公害食品的生产、加工、流通等方面的政策扶持 ,确保广大人民吃上放心食品     

刺槐栽培与利用研究概况

概述了国内对刺槐栽培与利用研究的现状，介绍了刺槐的生物学特性、人工栽培技术及开发应用现状。     

浙江省长柄双花木数量分布与林学特性

长柄双花木为我国特产种 ,产于浙、赣、湘三省 ,属国家二级珍稀濒危保护植物。首次报道了该种在浙江的分布数量 ,共计 3 6 72 0丛 ,数量居三省之首。纠正了前人报道的一些谬误 :①文献认为该种在开化已灭绝 ,经查证分析 ,系前人将分布点龙洞误为龙潭之故 ,本次调查在开化重新找到了该种 ,且发现了大面积分布。②文献记载龙泉分布点海拔为 10 0 0m ,经调查实际为 6 5 0～ 80 0m。③文献记载该种为阴性树种 ,经实地观察 ,认为应属中性树种。调查发现该种在浙江的分布特点与其他两省有所不同 ,一是海拔较低 ,二是生境以沟谷为主。详尽记述了该种在浙江的地理分布、生境特点以及群落学特征 ,分析了群落的演替趋势 ,并就其保护与利用等方面提出了具体建议。参 1 1     

Characterisation of and changes in the atmospheric deposition situation in German forest ecosystems using multivariate statistics

Based on the results of the atmospheric deposition classification of the year 1989, a methodical approach should be introduced, which—based on the modelled total deposition rates—enables us to characterise the input situation of forest monitoring plots and to delimit load areas in Germany. In 1989, the deposition situation in nearly 1,800 forest monitoring sites (BZE/extensive Soil Condition Inventory) in Germany could be explained by four factors (or three, excluding sea salt impact) with the help of a factor analysis. The factor values were grouped into six deposition types with typical compounds and regional patterns. The classified input rates of the soil inventory plots adequately represent the stress situation and deposition changes in Germany. The application of the statistical approach on the level of Brandenburg clarifies the special local input situation. Due to the special combination of deposed elements, the sources of emissions can be characterised as well. When the soil inventory is repeated, a project planned for 2006, this approach can be used in order to determine homogenous areas for stratified data evaluation.     

香龙血树真菌病害的鉴定

1997-2000年在广州地区的香龙血树[Dracaena fragrans(L.)Ker-Gaw.]种植单位共调查到9种真菌病害，即：可可球二孢茎枯病，顶多毛孢叶斑病，弯孢霉灰斑病，弯孢霉褐斑病，炭疽病，拟盘多毛孢叶斑病，拟茎点霉灰斑病，拟茎点霉叶斑病和球壳孢叶枯病，其病原菌分别被鉴定为：可可球二孢（Botryodiplodia theobromaePat.)、龙血树顶多毛孢（Bartalinia dracaenaeaP.G.Xi,Z.D.JiangetP.K.Chi)，弯孢霉[Gurvularia lunata(Walker)Boedijn]、塞河弯孢霉[Curvularia senegalensis(Speg.)Subram]、围小丛壳[Glomerella cingulata(Stonem)Spauld,etSchrenk]，棒孢拟盘多毛孢[Pestalotiopsis clavispora(Atk)Stey]、龙血树拟茎点霉（phomopsis dracaenae Sahni)，龙血树生拟茎点霉（Phomop-sis dracaenicola Z.D.Jiang,P.G.XietP.K.Chi)，龙血树球壳孢（Sphaeropsis dracaenaeP.G.XietP.K.Chi)，对生产影较大的是由可可球二孢引起的茎枯病和由围小丛壳引起的叶部炭疽病。     

球壳孢目真菌同工酶电泳：Ⅱ.Ascochyta等八属代表种的分析

对球壳孢目8属46个种的代表菌株进行了酯酶等5种同工酶及菌体可溶性蛋白的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析，电泳图谱显示，种间区别明显，大多数种具有各自的特征性图式，从聚类分析所得相似性矩阵和树状图可见，属内种间的遗传一致性最高的是Sphaeropsis属性，供试菌株相互的相似性多在50％以上，Ascochyta和Phyllosticta两属内的种也表现出较高的相似性，其他属内的供试种则不能类聚在一起。各属间Macrophoma,Coniothyrium,Sphaeropsis和Phyllosticta四属的菌株可在一定的遗传距离内聚为一类，Ascochyta属与这一类的距离也很近，Phomopsis和Phoma两属的菌株出现交叉相聚现象；Septoria属的菌株则各自独立，与其他类群间的距离也较远。     

Growth and reproduction of the lion's paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus in a suspended culture system at Guerrero Negro lagoon,Baja California Sur,Mexico

The lion's paw scallop, Nodipecten subnodosus (Sowerby) has considerable aquacultural potential due to its fast growth and large adductor muscle. Prior investigations throughout northwestern Mexico's littoral have reported highly variable growth rates; furthermore, no studies are available of the environment on growth and gametogenesis in this species under culture conditions. This investigation assesses the effect of food availability and temperature on the growth and gametogenesis of N. subnodosus in a suspended culture system at Guerrero Negro lagoon, Mexico. After 1 year of cultivation, N. subnodosus reached 69.13 mm in shell height (SH) (0.196 mm day^?1, 14 months old). Two significant growth spurts were observed: over the two first months of culture (August and September 2001, mean growth rate 0.4 mm day^?1) and in September 2002 (0.3 mm day^?1), both related to high temperatures and chlorophyll a concentrations. The onset of gametogenesis occurred in April 2002, with an increase in temperature (10‐month‐old scallops, 54.5 mm SH). The first spawning occurred in October and November (86.2 and 93 mm SH), with peak temperatures. These results, together with the analysis of previous reports, indicate that N. subnodosus has a higher preference for temperate areas; therefore, the Guerrero Negro lagoon appears to be a suitable site to culture this species.