Proteome response of Monascus pilosus during rice starch limitation with suppression of monascorubramine production

For centuries, red mold rice has been made by fermentation of cooked rice with Monascus species. However, the influence of different carbon sources on the metabolism of Monascus cells remains unclear. We compared the proteome response of Monascus pilosus to replacement of the rice starch fraction with lactose during cultivation, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry to identify the proteins expressed. The results showed that cell growth and monascorubramine pigment formation of M. pilosus were sensitive to rice starch limitation during cultivation. A total of 12 proteins were identified with statistically altered expression in the cells cultivated with lactose. These deregulated proteins were involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, energy generation, protein folding, and peptide biosynthesis. The possible metabolic flux shifts induced by rice starch limitation were discussed. The results suggested that the suppression of monascorubramine formation could be related to the necessary energy-requiring adaptations executed in response to carbon depletion during rice starch limitation.     

Enhanced Bacillus thuringiensis Production from Sewage Sludge with Alkaline and Ultrasonic Pretreatments

Sewage sludge is a cost-effective media for the production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticides. To enhance the entomotoxicity of the fermentation broth, pretreatments of sewage sludge by alkali and ultrasonic were applied in this study. Effects of alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatments on the soluble COD (SCOD) and total COD (TCOD) were evaluated by altering the alkali addition dose and the ultrasonic specific energy. Suitable pretreatment conditions were optimized with 5 g l^?1 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for alkaline treatment and 1.2?×?10⁵ kJ kg^?1 of total solid for ultrasonic treatment. Fermentations of raw and pretreated sludge for biopesticides were carried out in a bench scale fermentor. Results revealed that both pretreatments were effective for Bt growth and metabolism. Higher viable cells (VC) and viable spores (VS) counts, δ-endotoxin yields and entomotoxicity were achieved in the pretreated sludge. The enhancement was attributed to more available nutrients and better oxygen transfer. Moreover, ultrasonic pretreated sludge was superior to alkaline pretreated sludge for δ-endotoxin production and entomotoxicity owing to its higher soluble C/N ratio and finer particles.     

Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil

Soil enzymes are linked to microbial functions and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and are considered sensitive to soil disturbances. We investigated the effects of severe soil compaction and whole-tree harvesting plus forest floor removal (referred to as FFR below, compared with stem-only harvesting) on available N, microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), and microbial biomass P (MBP), and dehydrogenase, protease, and phosphatase activities in the forest floor and 0–10 cm mineral soil in a boreal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest soil near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. In the forest floor, no soil compaction effects were observed for any of the soil microbial or enzyme activity parameters measured. In the mineral soil, compaction reduced available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase by 53, 47, and 48%, respectively, when forest floor was intact, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 28 and 27%, respectively, regardless of FFR. Forest floor removal reduced available P, MBC, MBN, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 38, 46, 49, 25, and 45%, respectively, regardless of soil compaction, and available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase activity by 52, 50, and 39%, respectively, in the noncompacted soil. Neither soil compaction nor FFR affected dehydrogenase activities. Reductions in microbial biomass and protease and phosphatase activities after compaction and FFR likely led to the reduced N and P availabilities in the soil. Our results indicate that microbial biomass and enzyme activities were sensitive to soil compaction and FFR and that such disturbances had negative consequences for forest soil N and P cycling and fertility.     

遥感监测土壤含水率模型及精度分析

土壤含水率是决定农作物产量的最重要的因素之一.该文通过对2003年10月到2005年3月宝鸡峡二支渠灌区的土壤含水率进行实地调查,并对TM5和TM7波段数据进行归一化处理,再与参考点归一化土壤湿度指数求差后,建立遥感影像对土壤含水率的监测模型.并以2005年6月28日遥感影像为例,用建立的模型对土壤含水率进行定量反演.结果表明,反演精度可达80%以上,反演效果最好的土壤深度是0～40 cm.应用此归一化土壤湿度指数模型监测土壤含水率,可以满足灌区大范围宏观监测要求.     

提高沼气产量的外源添加物筛选研究

目前,大部分农村沼气池存在着沼气产量不高的问题,而一些外源添加物可以通过加速厌氧发酵的水解速率或刺激产甲烷菌的新陈代谢过程提高沼气产量.该文分别以猪粪和产甲烷培养基为底物进行厌氧发酵,筛选出能提高沼气产量的外源添加物,并将其进行优化组合,得出最佳用量.试验结果表明:以猪粪为底物进行发酵时,添加啤酒糟能促进底物水解、提高产气量,前4 d的池容产气率比对照高23.17%;以产甲烷培养基为底物时,蛋白胨氨基酸等混合物(物质M)和微量元素液Ⅱ均可刺激产甲烷菌代谢、促进产气,发酵第23 d的累计产气量分别比对照高51.02%和13.37%;随后将筛选出的三种外源添加物进行以猪粪为底物的正交及验证试验,综合考虑促气效果及经济性得出最优组合为微量元素液Ⅱ 10 mL/L,啤酒糟2.5 g/L,物质M 0.05 g/L,该组合在沼气池试验中能提高28.46%的产气量.该试验结果为一种沼气促进剂的研制奠定基础.     

塔里木河干流土地利用动态监测遥感分析

选择塔里木河干流地区1999年TM、2002年ETM 和2004年的ASTER遥感影像及基础背景数据,采用数据仓库技术及图属一体化和多源数据无缝集成的建库思想,实现了基础背景、遥感、专题及属性数据的入库管理;在RS、GIS及GPS等技术支撑下,通过对干流1999、2002和2004年的遥感影像信息提取及分析,揭示了应急输水后各土地类型面积变化的幅度、年变化率,以及耕地的时空变化规律.结果表明:应急输水工程实施后,干流地区的耕地、天然草地、苇地、滩涂等土地利用类型的面积急剧增长,林地、建筑用地、水域、荒草地、盐碱地等土地类型的面积均有所降低;耕地面积剧增是以植被破坏、水域面积减少为代价的,人类生产活动与自然环境矛盾加剧,生态环境日趋恶化.     

东北白桦变色菌的分离方法

针对白桦木材易变色的特点,探讨了东北白桦变色菌的分离方法。结果表明：分离变色茵时采用80%的酒精液作为表面消毒剂比采用0．1%的升汞液更为适宜；采用PDA作为分离培养基较为适宜。     

发酵乳对肥胖小鼠肝脂代谢和肠道菌群的影响

为分析发酵乳对肥胖小鼠肝脂代谢和肠道菌群的影响,本研究将60只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组：正常对照组（CON）、模型组（MD）、易善复组（YG）、低浓度发酵乳干预组（LFG）和高浓度发酵乳干预组（HFG）。肥胖模型造模成功后进行为期6周的灌胃,试验结束测量小鼠的空腹体重和身长,计算LEE’S指数,采血检测生化指标,采集肝脏组织观察病理变化;采集小鼠盲肠内容物进行肠道菌群测序。结果表明：1）与CON相比,MD小鼠体重、LEE’S指数、ALT和AST均极显著提升（P<0.01）,表明肥胖模型建立成功。2）与MD相比,发酵乳干预组小鼠体重、LEE’S指数、ALT和TC均极显著下降（P<0.01）,其中AST和TG显著下降（P<0.05）,同时发酵乳和易善复组小鼠肝组织脂肪变性有明显好转,基本没有明显的脂肪空泡。表明发酵乳可以抑制肥胖小鼠体重的增加,改善肥胖小鼠的肝脂代谢功能。3）与MD相比干预组小鼠肠道菌群的多样性水平有一定程度的恢复,尤其是厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门。表明发酵乳对于小鼠肠道菌群多样性的恢复有一定的作用。综上,本研究阐明了发酵乳对肥胖小鼠肝脂代谢和肠道菌群的影响,为功能型发酵乳的开发提供理论依据。     

太阳能-土壤源热泵空调系统研究

提出了太阳能—土壤源热泵空调系统的概念,研究了该系统的工作原理。对地源热泵和热管式太阳能集热器的热力计算方法进行了理论分析;结合工程实例,介绍了太阳能地源热泵空调系统的设计思路和运行方式。