涕灭威的安全性研究与管理进展

本文简要介绍了涕灭威的活性及其作用机制,详细分析了其在国内外登记管理、食品中涕灭威残留及其风险评估、土壤中涕灭威归趋及其对水体的影响研究进展.     

The Internal Glycine-Rich Motif and Cysteine Suppress Several Effects of the HpaG(Xooc) Protein in Plants

ABSTRACT HpaG(Xooc), produced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is a member of harpin group of proteins that stimulate plant growth, hypersensitive cell death (HCD), and pathogen defense. The protein contains two copies of the glycine-rich motif (GRM), a characteristic of harpins, and a cysteine, which is absent in other harpins. Genetic modification generated the pro-tein mutants HpaG(Xooc)MG (MG) by deleting GRMs and HpaG(Xooc)C47T (C47T) by replacing cysteine with threonine. When applied to tobacco plants, C47T and MG were 1.2- and 1.7-fold stronger, respectively, than HpaG(Xooc) in inducing HCD, which occurred consistently with expression of the marker genes hin1 and hsr203. The proteins markedly alleviated infection of tobacco by Tobacco mosaic virus and Arabidopsis and tomato by Pseudomonas syringae. Treating tobacco plants with HpaG(Xooc), C47T, and MG decreased the viral infection by 58, 81, and 92%, respectively. In Arabidopsis and tomato plants treated with HpaG(Xooc), C47T, or MG, P. syringae multiplication was inhibited; bacterial population multiplied in 5 days in these plants were ca. 160-, 1,260-, or 15,860-fold smaller than that in control plants. So pathogen defense was induced in both plants. Defense-related genes Chia5, NPR1, and PR-1a were expressed consistently with resistance. In response to HpaG(Xooc), C47T, and MG, aerial parts and roots of tomato plants increased growth by 15 and 53%, 25 and 77%, and 46 and 106%, relative to controls. The expansin gene, EXP2, involved in the cell expansion and plant growth was expressed coordinately with plant growth promotion. These results suggest that the presence of GRM and cysteine in HpaG(Xooc) represses the effects of the protein in plants.     

Identification and expression pattern of a glutathione S‐transferase in Echinochloa crus‐galli

Plant glutathione S‐transferase (GST) forms a major part of the herbicide detoxification enzyme network in plants. A GST cDNA was isolated from Echinochloa crus‐galli and characterised. The gene, designated EcGST1 (E. crus‐galli GeneBank no: JX518596 ), has a 684 bp open reading frame predicted to encode a 25 kD protein. Sequence alignment showed that EcGST1 is a GST homologue. Its expression in response to quinclorac treatment was monitored in seedlings (leaves and roots) and adult plants (leaves, roots, stems and seeds) of quinclorac‐resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes of E. crus‐galli. EcGST1 expression was 1.5–3 times greater in the R plants than in the S plants. However, after exposure to quinclorac, the difference in the expression levels of EcGST1 in R plants, compared with S plants, increased to a ratio of 6–10. Enhanced EcGST1 levels should enable greater quinclorac detoxification following quinclorac stimulation in R plants. GST‐based metabolism may be partially responsible for resistance to quinclorac in E. crus‐galli. The results suggest a new resistance mechanism for this R biotype in Chinese rice fields.     

乌副盔蚧的生物学及其防治研究

乌副盔蚧Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner)是柑桔及许多园林植物的一种重要害虫,在广州一年发生8～9代,各代历期变化为28～66天。雌成虫产卵量为64～208粒,卵的孵化率高达95～100%。第1龄爬行若虫的出壳高峰在上午10时左右。该虫的种群数量秋季明显上升。调查得到寄生性和捕食性天敌共9种,5种寄生蜂中,以胶蚧红眼啮小蜂Tetrastichus purpureus和日本软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus两种为最主要。杀虫剂试验表明,用2.5%溴氰菊酯1:2000倍液喷雾或以40%氧化乐果1:6倍液涂干可防治此虫。     

家天牛在中国的适生区分析

家天牛原产于非洲北部的阿特拉斯山脉,是木材和具木质结构建筑物的重要害虫。本文运用CLIMEX气候模型的气候相似系数法对该虫在中国的适生区进行了分析和预测。结果表明,中国大陆有21个省区33个市、县(地区)适合该虫生存,大体分布于23.22°N～40.59°N,99.09°E～123.32°E范围内。     

咖啡短体线虫分子鉴定

本实验采用单条线虫法提取DNA,rDNA-ITS-PCR技术扩增目的片段(ITS1、5.8S、ITS2和部分的18S和28S),将此片段纯化回收,克隆测序分析,与GenBank比对,结果为:该种群的基因序列与AY561436(基因库编号)的相似度为92.3%,与AB053485的相似度为91.3%.分子鉴定结果与形态鉴定该线虫为咖啡短体线虫.     

蔬菜中13种有机磷农药基质效应研究

有机磷农药在农业生产中广泛应用,用气相色谱法进行农药残留检测容易产生基质效应,影响分析结果的可靠性,为研究用气相色谱法进行农残检测过程中有机磷农药在不同蔬菜中的基质效应,选取瓜类、茄果类、叶菜类3类常见蔬菜和13种有机磷农药进行研究,对影响基质效应的因素采取不同变量法进行分析,得出结论:有机磷农药在叶菜类蔬菜中基质效应最大;含有P=O键农药基质效应更强;基质含量越多基质效应越强,并对在检测如何减少基质效应给出了建议.     

广西甘蔗地冬季黏虫发生调查初报

于2014—2018年冬季,在广西桂南地区、桂中、桂西和桂东南地区选择不同类型甘蔗地,调查黏虫发生及为害情况。结果表明,新植蔗和收割后焚烧蔗叶的宿根蔗地极少发现黏虫,而收割后蔗叶(直接或粉碎)还田的宿根蔗地发现有不同龄期的幼虫为害,老蔗地亦发现老熟幼虫或蛹,但虫口密度低。数据显示,广西桂南地区冬季甘蔗地黏虫虫口密度最大。其中,2017年南宁市武鸣区虫口密度最高,达8.9头/m^2,其次是桂东南地区,桂中地区和桂西地区极少或未发现黏虫。