Evaluation of the durability of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zhong ZH</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">TC14</Emphasis> wheat lines

Serial passage experiments (SPE) of a Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) isolate were performed on Zhong ZH and TC14 wheat lines to evaluate the durability of their resistance to BYDV. At different passage numbers (from the 2nd to the 114th), biological properties of the produced isolates were recorded either by monitoring infection percentages and virus titers of the first 3 weeks of viral infection or by measuring their impact on yield components. Statistical analyses using the area under pathogen progress curves and the area under concentration progress curves demonstrated that these two resistant lines induce, after only a few passages, a selection of variant(s) with significantly modified infection abilities. Isolates resulting from SPE performed on these lines induced important decreases of yield components. These results indicate that the use of Zhong ZH and TC14 lines in BYDV-resistant breeding programmes should be approached with caution.     

杂交稻稻瘟菌致病菌系的组成及其变化

对四川省大面积主栽杂交稻组合汕优６３、汕优２号上的稻瘟病菌进行生理小种测定的结果表明，致病菌系由多个生理小种群组成，其中以ＺＢ、ＺＣ群小种为主。用不同生理小种的菌株接种汕优２号和汕优６３的结果表明：ＺＢ群小种对汕优２号的致病频率最高，为１００％，而不同生理小种群对汕优６３的致病频率无显著差异，平均为７５％。致使这两个杂交稻组合丧失抗性的菌株来自四川省发病多年的常规稻、雄性不育系和早熟杂交稻组合。四     

亚洲型舞毒蛾幼虫寄主选择与龄期关系初探

舞毒蛾是一种世界性的害虫,常被分为欧洲型和亚洲型2种类型,欧洲型舞毒蛾在传入美国之后造成了巨大危害。之前报道指出亚洲型舞毒蛾的寄主范围比欧洲型舞毒蛾的广,故造成的危害和损失更大,北美植物保护组织据此对中国的高风险港口实施了船舶特别检疫措施,对我国的进出口贸易产生了巨大影响。鉴于此,本实验以16种北美和中国常见的行道树种和绿化树种作为供试树种,分析了不同寄主植物对亚洲型舞毒蛾生长发育指标的影响规律。结果表明:饲喂白桦、加杨和糖槭的幼虫可以完成生活周期。饲喂杜松、女贞、大叶黄杨、红皮云杉、合欢、杂交鹅掌楸、马尾松、黑松和白皮松的幼虫在2龄以前全部死亡。虽然2龄以前幼虫饲喂北美乔松、油松和柿树后死亡率较高,但用人工饲料将幼虫饲养至4龄以后再替换饲喂以上3种植物,幼虫的死亡率则显著下降。分析表明,亚洲型舞毒蛾低龄幼虫(1、2龄)的寄主选择范围要窄于高龄幼虫(4龄以后的幼虫)。     

Variability in response to toosendanin in a laboratory colony of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoplusia ni</Emphasis>

Laboratory rearing of insects for scientific research ensures a constant supply of insects. However, laboratory colonies may diverge genetically and/or phenotypically from wild populations due to selection pressures in their artificial environment. This study examined how variation in a colony ofTrichoplusia ni influenced reproducibility over time of bioassays of toosendanin (a limonoid extracted from the bark ofMelia azedarach). In four of five experiments insect growth was reduced significantly (P=0.05) by the presence of toosendanin in the diet. The fifth experiment showed the same trend, but the effect was not significant. Mean larval mass of both control and treated insects also varied greatly among experiments. The considerable variability observed in this population highlights the importance of replicating experiments in time, and not just space, to confirm reproducibility of treatment effects. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 23, 2007.     

枣果贮藏期红粉病菌鉴定及环境因子对其分生孢子萌发的影响

 在山西省临县、太谷县发现枣贮藏期红粉病,发病初期果实表面出现圆形或椭圆形的白色絮状霉点,后期形成较厚粉状霉层。从病样中分离获得2株代表性菌株,通过病原菌分离培养、致病性测定、形态学特征及ITS序列特征分析,确定引起枣贮藏期红粉病的致病菌为粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum)。适合该病菌分生孢子萌发的温度为20℃~25℃,相对湿度为大于75%,pH=4~10,致死温度为48℃、处理10 min。适宜芽管生长的温度为20℃~25℃,相对湿度为大于75%,最适pH=6。本研究结果可为枣贮藏期红粉病的诊断和防治措施的制定提供理论依据。     

东北春玉米不同发育期干旱胁迫对根系生长的影响

分别在玉米拔节期(BJ)和抽雄期(CX)进行水分胁迫试验,利用微根管技术观测不同发育期干旱过程中根分布动态,并利用根分布模型模拟相关参数(d_(50)和d_(95):累积根比例分别为50%和95%的土层深度),对不同干旱胁迫处理的土壤湿度、根系分布及相关参数时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明:水分控制后的土壤湿度在130cm以上基本达到预期干旱效果,即BJ和CX处理在控水时段0~100 cm土层土壤相对湿度都降至40%以下,但深层土壤湿度并未受到水分控制影响;拔节和抽雄期干旱胁迫条件下,根长密度(RLD)最大值分别为2.18±0.89cm·cm~(-3)和2.10±0.47 cm·cm~(-3),所在土壤深度为60 cm,对照(CK)RLD最大值为1.24±0.77 cm·cm~(-3),所在深度为40 cm,CK和BJ处理的RLD在最大值深度以下随土层深度增加而减小,CX处理的RLD在80 cm以下仍保持较大值;BJ和CX比CK的d50分别增大45%和59%,d95分别增大8%和41%,证明玉米根系因干旱胁迫而向深层土壤生长。     

基于生态承载力的黄土高原地区城镇体系空间结构演化——以庆阳市为例

庆阳市位于黄土高原中部丘陵沟壑区,气候干旱,生态脆弱。运用生态承载力、城镇体系相关理论和方法,分析研究区城镇体系空间结构演化特点及趋势。采用生态弹性度、资源承载力和承载压力度、对生态承载力的演化进行综合评价,并对生态承载力与城镇空间结构的关系进行探讨。在此基础上,对研究区城镇体系空间结构进行调整优化,为脆弱生态条件下的城镇发展提供依据。     

我国生物农药登记品种清单式管理初探

近年来我国生物农药新品种层出不穷,登记热度持续上升,登记管理不断规范。本文探讨了对我国生物农药登记品种采取清单式管理,提出生物农药登记品种清单的范围和建立原则,梳理形成了我国生物农药登记品种清单,提出了完善生物农药登记品种清单式管理的意见建议。     

阶段性极端高温对七星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确极端高温天气对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata生长发育和繁殖的影响,通过模拟田间高温发生情况,设置6h极端高温(36℃和39℃)与不同持续时间(1d和3d)对七星瓢虫卵和成虫进行胁迫,以25℃恒温饲养处理为对照,观察统计其发育历期、存活率、繁殖力及子代孵化率。结果表明,在相同高温胁迫模式下,七星瓢虫成虫的耐热性要明显高于卵,如在39℃处理1d后,卵和成虫的存活率分别为52.09%和93.94%;处理温度越高,高温持续时间越长,七星瓢虫卵的存活率越低,36℃处理1、3d和39℃处理1、3d后卵的存活率依次为71.31%、62.87%、52.09%和24.98%。七星瓢虫卵经39℃处理3d后,其孵化1龄幼虫的发育历期为2.77d,显著长于对照组(2.11d),其余龄期幼虫的发育历期、整个幼虫期和蛹期与对照组均无显著差异,说明七星瓢虫发育前期经历极端高温可能会导致其发育后期生长加速,出现生长补偿现象。卵期受极端高温的影响要显著大于成虫期,卵和成虫在39℃处理1d后的单雌产卵量分别为42.67粒和139.79粒;所有高温处理组的子代卵孵化率均显著低于对照组(85.42%),介于0~64.13%之间。另外,各高温处理组的种群趋势指数在5.26~56.02之间,均低于对照组(78.76)。表明夏季极端高温天气频发可能导致七星瓢虫种群数量减少,不建议此时期在田间释放七星瓢虫卵进行害虫防控。     

Investigation and integrated molecular diagnosis of root-knot nematodes in Panax notoginseng root in the field

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are damaging pests that can infect thousands of plant species and cause enormous crop losses worldwide. Panax notoginseng is a common host of root-knot nematodes. In this study, we surveyed notoginseng gardens and determined the incidence of RKNs. Among the gardens surveyed, 71 % were infected with RKNs, and the RKN incidence index ranged from 8 % to 47 % in three randomly infected gardens. Meloidogyne hapla was identified as the pathogenic nematode based on 18S ribosomal RNA analysis by DNA barcoding. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed using a real-time PCR assay according to variations in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. These results indicated that the combination of DNA barcoding and real-time PCR is a reliable and precise method for identifying parasitic nematodes from mixed-infected plant roots in the field. In addition, the abundance of ITS1 and ITS2 displayed a similar trend to the numbers of RKNs in the three gardens, which suggests that the results of real-time PCR can be used to determine the damage caused by M. hapla in the field. Our studies show that RKNs are common and can cause serious damage to notoginseng. We present an integrated method of detecting mixed nematode species in the field and confirm M. hapla as the target for parasitic nematode control in notoginseng gardens. Our results contribute to the improvement of RKN control in notoginseng and further promote the sustainable development of medicinal plants.