藤编原料植物青藤的扦插繁殖试验初报

本试验开展了青藤扦插繁殖试验,通过扦插季节、植物生长调节剂、遮阳对比试验,总结出了青藤的扦插繁殖技术,既可以解决藤编原料问题,同时又能达到保护野生植物资源的目的。     

高次指数组合非线性模型在土壤侵蚀中的应用

土壤侵蚀是全球性的严重环境问题。揭示土壤侵蚀过程，建立土壤侵蚀模型将为土地合理利用规划、水土保持措施优化配置、水土流失监测及水土保持减水减沙效益评价等生产实践提供重要科学依据和技术工具。土壤侵蚀预报模型按建模方法可分为经验模型与物理模型等，其中，经验模型主要是基于土壤侵蚀观测资料，采取统计分析的方法模拟侵蚀产沙量与降雨、植被、土壤、地形等影响因子之间的关系。自1953年刘善建在国内首次建立了坡面土壤侵蚀预报方程以来，不同学者根据各地的实际情况，建立了诸多不同的土壤侵蚀经验模型。由于国内土壤侵蚀物理模型研究起步晚，还很不成熟，而经验模型在侵蚀预报中一直处于重要地位，继续强化对它的研究，无疑可以进一步满足水土流失定量评价及水土保持决策等不同生产实践的迫切需求。     

Handling missingness when modeling the force of infection from clustered seroprevalence data

Modeling infectious diseases data is a relatively young research area in which clustering and stratification are key features. It is not unlikely for these data to have missing values. If values are missing completely at random, the analysis on the complete cases is valid. However, in practice this assumption is usually not fulfilled. This article shows the effect of ignoring missing data in modeling the force of infection of the bovine herpesvirus-1 in Belgian cattle and proposes the use of weighted generalized estimating equations with constrained fractional polynomials as a flexible modeling tool.     

Effects of Different Soil Treatments on the Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spongospora subterranea</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">subterranea</Emphasis> in Potato Roots and Tubers in the Greenhouse

Powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss) causes extensive losses in potato production systems globally. Two pot experiments were established in the greenhouse in summer 2013 and winter 2014 to evaluate the effectiveness of different soil chemicals, fumigant, amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) against Sss in the rhizospheric soil, potato roots and tubers. The study used visual assessment methods to assess the effect of treatments on root galling and zoosporangia production, and qPCR to measure Sss concentration in the soil and in the potato roots and tubers. All six soil treatments, namely metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide, Biocult and a combination of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower numbers of zoosporangia in the roots compared to the untreated control. The same effect was observed on the concentration of Sss DNA in the roots at tuber initiation. A more diverse picture was obtained when root gall scores at tuber initiation and Sss DNA in the rhizospheric soil at tuber initiation and harvesting were compared. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also noted in disease severity, disease incidence, and tuber yield between metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide and the untreated control. Calcium cyanamide gave the highest tuber yield. The study demonstrated the potential of soil treatments such as metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax and calcium cyanamide in managing Sss in potatoes by reducing the pathogen both in the rhizospheric soil and the roots of the potato plant.     

Insecticidal properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymus persicus</Emphasis> essential oil against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus oryzae</Emphasis>

Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4 and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT₅₀) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT₅₀ values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC₅₀ values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects.     

Determinants of the biodiversity patterns of ammonia-oxidizing archaea community in two contrasting forest stands

Purpose

The variation in soil microbial community patterns is primarily influenced by ecological processes associated with spatial distance and environmental heterogeneities. However, the relative importance of these processes in determining the patterns of soil microbial biodiversity in different successional forests remains unclear.

Materials and methods

Based on the species data from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, we described the composition and beta diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) community, an important functional microbial group in regulating nitrogen cycle, in a middle-succeed stand (60 years of secondary succession) and an undisturbed native stand in a subtropical forest in southern China. The composition pattern was examined using a multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), and the beta diversity was described using the Sørensen index. The relative influence of edaphic, vegetational, spatial, and topographical factors on AOA composition and beta diversity was assessed by variation partitioning and multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM), respectively.

Results and discussion

We did not find any stand-specific patterns in AOA community composition in the two stands; however, the influential variables were different between the two stands; 7.3 and 4.5 % of the total variation in AOA community composition could be explained by edaphic (i.e., available potassium and total phosphorus) and spatial variables, respectively, in the middle-succeed stand, while 3.7 and 2.8 % of the variation were explained by spatial variable and available phosphorus, respectively, in the native stand. Soil total phosphorus influenced the beta diversity of AOA community most in the middle-succeed stand, while genetic distance of tree species was found to be the most important factor in driving the beta diversity pattern in the native stand.

Conclusions

Soil nutrients influenced the beta diversity of AOA community in the middle-succeed stand more than that in the native stand, while vegetation is more important in the native stand. The substantial unexplained variations were possibly due to the effects of other unmeasured variables. Nevertheless, dispersal process is more important in controlling AOA community composition in the native stand, while processes associated with environmental heterogeneities are more important in the middle-succeed stand in this subtropical forest.

     

高压脉冲电场辅助提取鱼骨钙工艺优化

为了提高鱼骨钙的提取效果,利用高压脉冲电场从淡水鱼骨中辅助提取鱼骨钙制备高钙鱼骨水解液。单因素试验和二次通用旋转组合设计试验表明,脉冲数、电场强度、柠檬酸与苹果酸比对鱼骨钙的提取率影响显著;建立鱼骨钙提取率与各影响因子间关系的回归数学模型;确定了高压脉冲电场辅助提取鱼骨钙的最佳工艺参数为电场强度为25kV/cm、脉冲数为8个、柠檬酸与苹果酸的质量比为1:1g/g、酸料比为1:1g/g、水料比为12:1mL/g,此时处理4g鱼骨粉所得的鱼骨水解液中钙提取率达84.2%。与超声波辅助提取鱼骨钙对比试验表明,高压脉冲电场辅助提取鱼骨钙的得率较超声波辅助提取提高了17%,且其耗时短。该研究可为高压脉冲电场辅助提取鱼骨钙深入研究及其高钙鱼骨口服液的研制提供借鉴参考。     

乳山湾东流区海水营养盐消长与盐度的关系

利用数理统计的方法，对乳山湾东流区６－９月间的水化学，水文和生物观测数据进行处理，结果表明６－９月间硝酸盐与盐度有着极显著的负相关关系，６月和９月亚硝酸盐和氮氨与盐度呈显著性相关，而７月和８月养殖高峰期间呈弱相关关系。