Methode Voor Het Vaststellen Van De Vatbaarheidsgraad Van Aardappelknollen Voor De Aardappelziekte

Samenvatting 1. Een methode werd vastgesteld door middel van cultuursoorten om de uitbreidingsvatbaarheid van aardappelknollen voorPhytophthora infestans te bepalen. Het doel is deze methode op nieuwe soorten toe te passen. Er werd gewerkt bij 10° C, de verschillen tusschen de cultuursoorten zijn dan grooter en beter in maten vast te leggen dan bij optimale temperatuur. 2. De tijdsduur, die verloopt tusschen het doorsnijden van de knollen, 5 dagen na de inoculatie, en het optreden van luchtmycelium werd als norm gebruikt. Deze werd in cijfers omgezet en vergeleken met de vatbaarheidscijfers van de Nederlandsche rassenlijst. 3. Drie verschillende typen van necrose, tengevolge van aantasting door de parasiet, werden onderscheiden. 4. In het algemeen is het naveleinde vatbaarder dan de top. 5. Twee isolaties van de schimmel werden gebruikt, die in virulentie verschilden, dit wijst eventueel op het bestaan van verschillende physiologische rassen. Door gebrek aan een goed testsortiment is het nauwkeurig vaststellen hiervan niet mogelijk. 6. De vari?teit, waarop de schimmel gegroeid is, heeft invloed op de zwermsporenontwikkeling. Deze directe werking van de voeding op sterkte en virulentie van het inoculatiemateriaal moet niet verward worden met dezelfde eigenschappen eigen aan een bepaalde Phytophthora-stam.

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Method for the determination of the susceptibility of potato tubers to late blight

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Laboratorium voor Mycologie en Aardappelonderzoek.     

Mangaangebrek,Oorzaak van de Kwade Harten van Erwten

Samenvatting 1. Water- en glaszand-culturen zonder en met verschillende hoeveelheden MnSO₄ bewezen, dat de kwade harten van de erwten veroorzaakt worden door mangaangebrek. 2. De zuurgraad van de oplossing bleek van secundairen invloed te zijn; bij de meer alkalische oplossing was meer MnSO₄ noodig om gezonde erwten te krijgen; de ziekte trad echter zoowel bij pH 6,3 als bij pH 8,15 op. 3. De symptomen van de ziekte waren bij eenzelfde plant het hevigst bij de laatst gevormde erwten.

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Mn-Deficiency as the cause of marsh spot of pea seeds

     

The sonographic evaluation of lymph nodes

Ultrasound can be used to detect and evaluate both normal and abnormal lymph nodes, as well as aid in biopsy sampling procedures, an important part of staging procedures in cancer patients. Several parameters can be evaluated using ultrasound; lymph node size, margins, echogenicity, echopattern (echotexture), acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow, and vascular flow indices. The most diagnostically helpful include the short/long axis ratio of the lymph node, the pattern of distribution of the blood vessels within the lymph node, and to some extent the resistive and pulsatility indices. This review discusses the use of ultrasound for detecting, evaluating, and sampling peripheral, abdominal and thoracic lymph nodes in small animals.     

Influence of temperature on protein utilization in juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The aim of this trial was to study the utilization of dietary protein by seabass juveniles with 5.5 g mean body weight, at two water temperatures: 18°C and 25°C. For that purpose, the fish were fed for 12 weeks, four isoenergetic diets with different protein levels (36, 42, 48, and 56%). At the end of the trial, growth rate and feed utilization were significantly better at the higher water temperature. Within each temperature, specific growth rate and feed efficiency were significantly higher with the 48 and 56% protein diets than with the other diets. At 25°C, feed efficiency was also significantly better with the 56% than with the 48% protein diet. N retention (g kg average body weight⁻¹ day⁻¹) was higher at 25°C than at 18°C but, as a % N intake the inverse was true. Although at 25°C N retention (% N intake) was not different among groups, retention in g kg ABW⁻¹ day⁻¹ was significantly higher with the 56% protein diet than with 36 and 42% protein diets. On the contrary, at 18°C N retention (g kg ABW⁻¹ day⁻¹) was similar among groups while as a percentage of N intake it was inversely related to the dietary protein level. Regarding energy utilization, at each temperature, there were no differences among dietary treatments on energy retention (g kg ABW⁻¹ day⁻¹). As a % of energy intake, energy retention significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level at 25°C, while at 18°C, there were no significant differences among groups. Within each temperature, at the end of the trial, there were no differences among groups in proximate composition of whole fish. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein and energy significantly improved with the increase of water temperature but, within each temperature, there were no significant differences among groups. The results of this study indicate that, regardless of water temperature, the dietary protein requirement for growth seems to be satisfied with a diet containing 48% protein. Growth and feed efficiency were significantly higher at the higher temperature, however, protein utilization was more efficient at the lower temperature.     

Habitat characterization,anthropogenic impacts and conservation of rhodolith beds off southeastern Malta

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Lethal concentration of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil for Dolops discoidalis and Argulus sp. (Crustacea: Argulidae)

This study investigated the acute toxicity (LC_50-24 hr) effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus for adult Argulus sp. and Dolops discoidalis, before and during oviposition. In vitro acute toxicity (LC_50-24 hr) was tested using 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 μg/L of C. citratus essential oil, and two control groups (one with cultivation tank water and one with cultivation tank water + alcohol) were used. Specimens of Argulus sp. and D. discoidalis submitted to acute toxicity were evaluated using histological procedures. The major chemical compounds of C. citratus essential oil were geranial (47.5%), neral (35.6%) and myrcene (6.7%). The LC_50-24 hr for Argulus sp. adults was 67.97 μg/L, while for D. discoidalis it was 59.55 µg/L. In the oviposition of both species of argulids, maximum mortality began with treatments of 140 μg/L, while the LC_50-24 hr for Argulus sp. and D. discoidalis was 83.98 μg/L and 82.48 μg/L, respectively. In both argulid species exposed to C. citratus essential oil, morphological alterations were observed only in the eyes, and they occurred in the ommatidium and rhabdomeres and were dependent on the concentration of C. citratus essential oil and the parasite species.     

The hidden companion of non‐native fishes in north‐east Atlantic waters

A tropicalization phenomenon of ichthyofauna has been described in the last decades in Galicia (north‐eastern Atlantic), with increasing reports of tropical and subtropical fishes appearing northward this distribution range. A search for parasites was carried out in the digestive tract of two specimens first captured in Galician waters: the prickly puffer Ephippion guttifer (Tetraodontidae) and the African stripped grunt Parapristipoma octolineatum (Haemulidae). Examination of E. guttifer showed high intensity of nematodes, from three different genera: Cucullanus (Cucullanidae), Hysterothylacium (Raphidascaridae) and Anisakis (Anisakidae), with demonstrated pathogenicity to humans. Molecular identification allowed the identification of Anisakis pegreffii, already described in the area, and first reports for European waters of Cucullanus dodsworthi, Hysterothylacium reliquens and a new Hysterothylacium sp. P. octolineatum showed a far lower level of parasitization, with two Hysterothylacium larvae, genetically identified as Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum, also its first report in the eastern Atlantic. Thus, possible ecological impact of the occurrence of two non‐native individual fishes in a new area could be remarkably higher if we see this issue through the lens of the parasitological perspective, as far as only two individual fish can harbour more of one hundred nematode parasites belonging to different species, most of them also new species for that area.     

Nutrient responses and glutamate and proline metabolism in sunflower plants and calli under Na2SO4 stress

The growth of Helianthus annuus L. calli and plants was reduced in the presence of Na₂SO₄ (10, 25, 50, and 100 mM). SO₄^2— and Na concentrations increased in stressed calli and plants while NO₃^—, Cl^—, P, K, and Mg decreased in stressed plants and Ca in shoots. Stressed calli showed decreases of NO₃^—, Ca, K, and Mg concentrations. Calli adapted to 50 mM Na₂SO₄ accumulated more K and Ca and less ammonium than stressed non‐adapted calli. Proline exhibited increases in stressed calli and plants that were accompanied by decreases of proline oxidase activities while pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activities increased. Adapted calli accumulated more proline and had higher P5CR and OAT activities than stressed non‐adapted calli. Glutamate concentration decreased with stress, together with a stimulation of cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) and a decrease of plastidal GS (GS2) activity. These data strongly suggest that the increase of P5CR and GS1 activities are responsible for the decrease of glutamate concentration leading, together with the stimulation of OAT and the inhibition of the proline oxidation metabolism, to an increase of proline levels in Na₂SO₄‐stressed sunflower cells. These data also show that salt stress increases the release of endogenous ammonium and suggests that the increase of GS1 activity plays an important role in its elimination.     

Nutritional history does not modulate hepatic oxidative status of European sea bass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicentrarchus labrax</Emphasis>) submitted to handling stress

The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of an acute handling stress on hepatic oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed diets differing in lipid so urce and carbohydrate content. For that purpose, four diets were formulated with fish oil (FO) and vegetable oils (VO) as lipid source and with 20 or 0% gelatinized starch as carbohydrate source. Triplicate groups of fish with 74 g were fed each diet during 13 weeks and then subjected to an acute handling stress. Stress exposure decreased hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Independent of dietary treatment, stress exposure increased hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO). Stressed fish exhibited lower glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, independent of previous nutritional history. In the VO groups, stress exposure increased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. Diet composition had no effect on Ht and Hb levels. In contrast, dietary carbohydrate decreased hepatic LPO and CAT activity and increased glutathione reductase (GR) and G6PD activities. Dietary lipids had no effect on LPO. Fish fed the VO diets exhibited higher G6PD activity than fish fed the FO diets. In conclusion, dietary carbohydrates contributed to the reduction of oxidative stress in fish. However, under the imposed handling stress conditions, liver enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms were not enhanced, which may explain the overall increased oxidative stress.