影响农杆菌介导甜瓜子叶遗传转化的因素

以甜瓜子叶作为根癌农杆菌介导转化的受体,通过GUS基因瞬时表达率的分析,研究此转化体系的最佳实验参数.实验结果表明,预培养时间、预培养后对外植体进行处理、感染时间、共培养时间、农杆菌工程菌的浓度等对转化效率都有一定的影响,但是根癌农杆菌诱导物AS并不能大幅度提高转化效果.对外植体进行重新处理,预培养2 d,用OD560为0.3的农杆菌工程菌感染15～25 min,共培养3～4 d的理想条件下,GUS瞬时表达率可达85%.     

Preparation of PHEMA/nHAP nanocomposites via <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide for biomedical applications

Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA)/hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocomposites were synthesized through a new route involving nano-sized HAP (nHAP) particles or modified nHAP mixed with monomer 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate via in situ polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed phosphate peak increased with nHAP content in composite. X-ray diffraction patterns of PHEMA/nHAP revealed the presence of crystallized nHAP. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the ultimate nHAP content in PHEMA/nHAP composites is consistent with its initial amount. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that nanocomposite particles are much smaller than PHEMA particles. PHEMA/nHAP composites with average diameter of approximately 600 nm were obtained in scCO₂ with 94 % yield. Mechanical properties of PHEMA/nHAP nanocomposites were better than those of PHEMA, and compressive modulus and strength of composites with 30 wt.% nHAP were 193 and 29 MPa, respectively. Nanocomposite adsorption toward bovine serum albumin was evaluated, and results indicated that analyte adsorption amount can reach up to 282 mg/g.     

鲂鱼受精早期精子入卵的扫描电子显微镜观察

用光学显微镜观察精子进入活卵是相当困难的。作者用扫描电子显微镜初步揭示了鲂鱼受精早期精子入卵的程序，讨论了精子入卵的路径、时间和时限，并初步分析了单精入卵的机制。     

Fusarium oxysporum对苗期大豆根部的致病性和侵染规律

Fusarium oxysporum对苗期大豆具有较强的致病作用。病原菌自伤口或直接侵入大豆幼苗根部的皮层组织,随着病原菌的侵入和扩展,细胞出现坏死,组织发生崩解,根部组织表现红褐色病斑。环境因素对病原菌的侵染时期和在大豆体内潜育时间的长短有着明显的影响。侵染时期主要受病原菌侵入前自身所处状态和寄主的影响,侵入后潜育时间的长短则受植株状态的影响。土壤环境条件直接影响着病原菌的侵入和寄主的抗病性,间接影响着病原菌在大豆植株体内的扩展和病症的表现。     

CPC空隙设计及光能损失

复合抛物面聚光器（Compound Parabolic Concentrator,CPC）因结构简单不需要跟踪等优点在太阳能集热器和光伏发电系统中已获得广泛的应用,理想CPC的反射面与吸收体连在一起,而实际应用中因种种原因必须在两者之间留有空隙。该文对三种常见的CPC空隙带来的光学损失进行了理论分析。对比分析结果表明：对于平面吸收体CPC,空隙设计的优选方案是剪去靠近吸热体的反射面;对于圆形吸收体CPC,最优选的空隙设计方案是对理想CPC所对应的受光体的形状进行修正,其次是剪去与圆管相连的反射面。     

土地利用的弹性规划研究

市场经济越发达,经济生活中的不确定因素就越多。经济的不可预见性和难以预测性导致土地利用的变异性增加,从而对土地利用规划的弹性提出了要求。该文首次明确地界定了土地利用弹性规划的涵义;探讨了土地利用弹性规划的内容和研究方法。通过弹性比计算和弹性区间确定、评价目标和评价体系设计、以及柔性决策模型等方法对土地利用规划中的弹性预测、弹性评价、弹性决策以及弹性用地分区进行了探讨,结果表明：土地利用的弹性规划能较好地适应经济生活中不确定因素导致的用地数量、用地结构、用地方式等方面的变化。     

不同平茬周期柠条的燃烧特性及热值

柠条是西北地区水土保持,防风固沙造林中的重要灌木树种,可作为生物质燃料使用,但随林龄增加出现生长衰退,效益下降等问题。利用平茬技术可以提高柠条利用率,该文以宁夏盐池平茬1～5 a生柠条为研究对象,对其生长指标、工业分析、硫含量、热值和热重进行了分析。结果表明：1）经平茬后的柠条生长指标每年递增,但3 a以后增幅不大,选定平茬期为3 a的柠条株高、地径和分支数分别比6 a老龄林提高了16.67%、11.54%和160.00%,表明平茬技术有利于柠条生长。2）通过热值分析对1～5 a生柠条进行了比较,发现3～5 a生柠条发热量较好,但三者相差不多;考察了不同月份收割柠条的影响因素,研究表明10－12月柠条各项指标处于最优值。3）比较了柠条和煤的硫含量,分析表明柠条硫含量是烟煤的1/12倍,柠条作为燃料会大大减少硫化物的排放。4）工业分析和热重分析表明,柠条和煤产生的灰分作相比,柠条产生的灰分是烟煤的1/9倍,可减少颗粒物的排放,有利于环境保护。5）采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,柠条具有较低的活化能,有利于燃烧。综上所述,采用平茬期为3 a且每年10－12月生的柠条最适宜作为热电厂燃料。柠条作为发电燃料具有含硫量低,灰分少,对环境保护和减少可吸入颗粒物具有重要的意义。     

Dissolved and colloidal phosphorus fluxes in forest ecosystems—an almost blind spot in ecosystem research

Understanding and quantification of phosphorus (P) fluxes are key requirements for predictions of future forest ecosystems changes as well as for transferring lessons learned from natural ecosystems to croplands and plantations. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent knowledge on mechanisms, magnitude, and relevance by which dissolved and colloidal inorganic and organic P forms can be translocated within or exported from forest ecosystems. Attention is paid to hydrological pathways of P losses at the soil profile and landscape scales, and the subsequent influence of P on aquatic ecosystems. New (unpublished) data from the German Priority Program 1685 “Ecosystem Nutrition: Forest Strategies for limited Phosphorus Resources” were added to provide up‐to‐date flux‐based information. Nitrogen (N) additions increase the release of water‐transportable P forms. Most P found in percolates and pore waters belongs to the so‐called dissolved organic P (DOP) fractions, rich in orthophosphate‐monoesters and also containing some orthophosphate‐diesters. Total solution P concentrations range from ca. 1 to 400 µg P L^?1, with large variations among forest stands. Recent sophisticated analyses revealed that large portions of the DOP in forest stream water can comprise natural nanoparticles and fine colloids which under extreme conditions may account for 40–100% of the P losses. Their translocation within preferential flow passes may be rapid, mediated by storm events. The potential total P loss through leaching into subsoils and with streams was found to be less than 50 mg P m^?2 a^?1, suggesting effects on ecosystems at centennial to millennium scale. All current data are based on selected snapshots only. Quantitative measurements of P fluxes in temperate forest systems are nearly absent in the literature, probably due to main research focus on the C and N cycles. Therefore, we lack complete ecosystem‐based assessments of dissolved and colloidal P fluxes within and from temperate forest systems.     

不同生境中稻飞虱种群动态研究

菊酯类农药对水稻螟虫有优异的防治效果,但引起稻飞虱的更大发生。作者用溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯及对稻飞虱高效的噻嗪酮等杀虫剂和对稻飞虱不同抗感水平的水稻品种组成不同的化学、品种环境,系统观察稻飞虱种群动态差异。结果表明,同一水稻品种,不同农药,稻飞虱种群增长量不一样。同一农药,不同水稻品种,稻飞虱的发生亦不同。溴氰菊酯或氰戊菊酯用到感虫品种上,有利因子重叠,稻飞虱的发生量最大;用到中抗品种上,有利因子与不利因子重叠,有效地抑制稻飞虱种群的增长。先将溴氰菊酯喷洒到感虫品种上,10天后再用噻嗪酮,两个有利因子重叠后再加一不利因子,仍可控制稻飞虱的为害。     

玉米醇溶蛋白在草莓贮藏保鲜中的应用

用玉米醇溶蛋白涂被剂保鲜草莓,不仅可延长草莓的贮藏期,还可减少草莓在贮藏期间的营养成分损耗.采用正交实验方法筛选最佳涂被剂配方的结果表明,玉米醇溶蛋白1.75%,甘油0.18%,蔗糖0.3%,并辅以0.02%乳化剂与防腐剂保鲜草莓效果最佳.