流域侵蚀强度空间分异及动态变化模拟研究

流域侵蚀强度空间分异是小流域泥沙来源研究的重要内容之一。该文以小流域模型模拟试验为基础，利用人工模拟降雨、近景摄影测量和GIS技术，对流域模型不同空间部位的侵蚀强度及其随流域所处发育阶段的动态变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：依据次降雨相对侵蚀模数REM将历经25场模拟降雨的小流域模型发育过程划分为初期时段、活跃时段和稳定时段。沟谷侵蚀强度在整个流域模型发育过程中一直大于坡面；在流域发育初期时段至活跃时段前期，主沟侵蚀强度大于支沟，流域下部侵蚀强度大于中部和上部；在流域发育活跃时段后期，主沟侵蚀强度低于支沟，流域中部和下部侵蚀强度快速增长并达到峰值；在稳定期时段，主沟和支沟侵蚀强度变化趋于同步，流域上部的侵蚀强度高于中部和下部。流域侵蚀强度的时空分布特征对于小流域水土流失综合治理具有科学指导意义。     

An integrated watershed modelling framework to explore the covariation between sediment connectivity and soil erosion

Quantitative identification of the covariation between sediment connectivity and soil erosion can contribute to provide the key information for watershed sediment management. However, this covariation and its spatiotemporal response mechanisms are still unclear, especially whether this covariation can be used as a basis for identifying critical source areas of sediment in large-scale ecological restored watersheds. In this study, an integrated methodology framework by the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), index of connectivity (IC) and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) was proposed to visually assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of erosion and sediment yield processes in the Yanhe Watershed with large-scale ecological restoration from 1985 to 2020 and to identify the covariation between sediment connectivity and erosion in subbasins. The soil erosion estimated by RUSLE has decreased by over 80% since 1985 owing to increased vegetation cover and the effective implementation of soil conservation measures, but the upper reaches still have high erosion intensity due to differences in specific controlling factors such as topographic conditions and land cover, requiring focused soil conservation practice. The IC results showed that as the vegetation restoration and soil conservation measures in the Yanhe Watershed varied from year to year, their spatial and temporal patterns had a strong influence on the distribution of sediment connectivity, and some local areas in the middle reaches showed local minima of IC in 1995, 1998 and 2010 mainly due to the implementation of long-term ecological restoration project. The developed IC-Erosion maps indicated that areas with high connectivity but low erosion accounted for over 60% of the total watershed area from 1985 to 1999, demonstrating a reverse correlation between sediment connectivity and erosion. Meanwhile, over 40% of the erosion occurred in a few areas (approximately 20%) with high connectivity and high erosion from 2000 to 2004, which can be characterized as the critical areas of erosion. The methods and results of this study provide ideas for separately defining both erosion and connectivity and quantifying bi-variable erosion–connectivity classification, which can be easily viewed on a scatterplot.     

我国水土保持责任制初探

 通过对我国水土保持责任制的框架与思路(政府、企业、土地使用者的水土保持目标责任制)、落实情况监测与考评体系的建立,以及责任制保障体系完善的初步探讨,为今后水土保持责任制的全面制定和落实提供依据,确保我国水土保持工作的持续、稳定发展。     

基于无人机技术黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度监测及影响因素分析

为更便捷地监测乌兰布和沙漠黄河沿岸沙丘移动速度并解析其影响因素,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠沿黄段沙丘为研究对象,应用无人机航拍技术开展沿岸沙丘的季节性地貌过程和影响因素研究。结果表明：1）研究区沙丘年移动速率1.08～2.27 m/a,多年平均输沙势为78.82 VU,年合成输沙势为25.92 VU,处于低风能环境,8～12 m/s等级风输沙势是年输沙势的主要部分,约占73.24%。方向变率（合成输沙势（Resultant Drift Potential,RDP）与输沙势（Drift Potential,DP）的比值）RDP/DP 保持在0.30～0.46之间,属于中等变率。合成输沙方向RDD为57.83°～107.39°,与沙丘移动方向较为一致,西风组占全年输沙势的52.09%,是沙丘年移动的主要驱动力。2）沙丘移动速率具有明显的季节特征,整体呈现春季移动速率快,冬末-春初次之,秋季与秋末-冬末相近,夏季移动速率最慢。其中,秋末-冬末、春季和秋季输沙势DP 8.48～20.49 VU,合成输沙势方向在90.02°～95.54°之间,RDP/DP值均在0.3～0.8之间,属于中等变率,西风组作用显著,这与年合成输沙方向及沙丘走向较为一致;冬末-春初和春末-夏季分别受东北风（NE）和南风组（SSE、S、SSW）作用,沙丘通过形态变化适应风向,移动速度降缓。季节输沙势主要集中在8～10 m/s风速等级,约占整个季节输沙势的40.76%～56.93%。3）综合各季节和年际输沙势与沙丘移动距离呈线性正相关,拟合方程为y=1.02+0.006 62x（R2=0.339,F=5.616,P=0.045）,方程总体显著,输沙势可以表征该地区沙丘移动距离。基于无人机监测的沙丘运动研究综合显示,风况是该地区影响该地区沙丘移动的主要动力,其中西风组8 m/s以上风速是研究区沙丘移动的主要驱动力。风向变率和合成输沙势方向与沙丘移动方向一致时沙丘移动则快,不一致时则缓;无人机可在较大尺度上为沙丘移动提供更为便捷的监测服务,研究结果可为同类地区沙丘移动的无人机监测提供参考依据。     

不同种植模式下农田耕层土壤肥力现状比较——以皖南宣州区为例

选择宣城市宣州区20个烟稻轮作田块、20个单季稻田块、22个中药材田块、20个双季稻田块、20个稻油轮作田块和20个稻麦轮作田块,测定分析耕层土壤(0～20cm)的pH,有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量,计算土壤综合肥力指数(IFI),旨在通过比较提出有益于提升土壤肥力的种植模式和施肥建议.结果表明:①烟稻轮作土壤pH最高,...     

基于多方位视觉的果实形状特征的提取研究

针对传统瓜果分级中捕捉单幅果实图像来分析果实特征时信息较少的缺陷,提出了一种基于多方位视觉系统的果实形状特征提取算法。同步采集3个方向的果实图像信息,经OHTA空间上的图像分割和改进的BLOB算法去噪声等处理后,分别给出果实的多方位的图像特征信息。运用统计学原理,设计了线性分类器,对3个方向的图像特征信息进行了互补性融合,得出分级判别准则。利用开发的智能瓜果精选分级试验样机,验证了该算法的有效性, 试验结果证明识别成功率达到97％,达到了实用的要求。     

Genetic diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nelumbo</Emphasis> accessions revealed by RAPD

Total 65 lotus accessions in genus Nelumbo mainly collected from China, were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to estimate the genetic diversity and to test the genetic basis of the relationships between morphotypes and molecular markers. Seventeen primers generated a total of 195 highly reproducible and discernible loci, among which 173 were polymorphic. Percent polymorphism varied from 66.7 to 100 with an average of 88.72, and five primers out of them, OPC05, OPG10, OPN20, OPP09 and OPS17, showed 100% polymorphism. A relatively high genetic diversity was detected among all the samples with the similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.45 to 0.85, and Nei’s gene diversity (h) 0.30, and Shannon index (I) 0.46. The UPGMA dendrogram clustered 65 accessions in four clusters and the clustering pattern showed two groups, N. nucifera ssp. nucifera and those accessions related to the American lotus, and some special cultivars, landraces, hybrids and the American lotus. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) further indicated that the genetic diversity of Nelumbo accessions was not evenly distributed, instead, was presented by a clustered distribution pattern. Similar to the results revealed by the dendrogram, two main groups representing the two subspecies of N. nucifera, as well as some special landraces, cultivars of Chinese lotus, the Japanese lotus and hybrids out of the two groups were obtained. Neither the UPGMA dendrogram nor the PCA analysis exhibited strict relationship with geographic distribution and morphotypes among the accessions.     

考虑植株氮垂直分布的夏玉米营养诊断敏感位点筛选

探明夏玉米氮素营养生化指标(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶片氮含量和叶片氮积累量)与叶片SPAD值垂直分布特征及两者间定量回归关系,确立基于叶绿素仪的夏玉米氮营养无损诊断敏感叶位和叶片部位,以实现氮营养时空变化的快捷和精准监测。利用2018-2019年连续2季不同氮营养水平下夏玉米关键生育期主茎各叶位(顶1叶~顶12叶,TL1~TL12)和叶片部位(每张叶片从叶片基部开始根据叶片长度每20%分为1个测试区间) SPAD值及氮营养指标数据,研究基于偏最小二乘(partial least square, PLS)回归模型的夏玉米不同位点SPAD值与氮营养指标间关系,确定可稳定指示夏玉米氮营养空间异质性变化的敏感叶位及叶片部位。结果表明,不同叶位间夏玉米叶片SPAD值和氮营养指标于植株间分布均呈典型的"钟型"特征,至TL5或TL6时达至峰值。同一叶位不同部位间SPAD值由20%至100%位点时则逐步升高,且80%~100%位点间无显著差异(P>0.05)。PLS分析结果显示,夏玉米不同叶位SPAD值与氮营养指标间模型精度决定系数(coefficient of determination, R2)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)范围分别为0.693~0.821和1.425~2.744。不同测试位点R2和RPD值范围则分别为0.660~0.847和1.607~2.451,满足模型精确诊断需求。此后,基于PLS模型中各叶位和叶片部位无量纲评价指标变量重要性投影值(variable importance for projection,VIP),确定顶4叶(TL4)完展叶60%~80%区间为夏玉米氮营养诊断的敏感区域,VIP值均高于临界值1.40,预测效果较为理想。研究可为实现氮营养的高效、快捷诊断和精准施氮提供参考。     

水肥对高产无性系油茶果实产量的影响

以肥料氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)不同施用量和灌溉水量(H2O)为试验因子,采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了水肥对油茶鲜果产量的影响。结果表明,N、P、K和H2O的用量对油茶鲜果产量均存在显著的影响,且N与K、K与H2O对油茶鲜果产量存在显著的互作效应。试验因子间的交互作用使油茶鲜果产量明显提高,达到最大值时4个因子的编码值分别为:N为1.03、P为0.62、K为1.19、H2O为0.92,即全年每株油茶施有效养分N 181.8 g、P2O5 48.6 g、K2O 287.1 g,灌水29.2 kg,相当于每hm2施用N 795 kg、P2O5 80 kg、K2O 474 kg,灌水48 m3。采用该方案,油茶鲜果产量可达到最大为5 131 kg hm2。     

工程建设效果后评价博弈论集对分析模型的建立与应用

针对工程建设效果后评价中具有很多确定性和不确定性因素,且评价因子与等级标准间存在着复杂的非线性关系这一大难题,该文将集对分析理论和博弈论相结合,提出基于博弈论的集对分析模型。该模型运用博弈论确定指标权重,然后将指标实际值和等级标准值构成一个集对,根据集对分析方法计算其综合联系度,据此判断评价对象的等级及其在等级间的转化趋势。之后引入集对的同势、反势、均势分析系统内部各子系统之间的协调程度进而解释转化趋势的内在原因。最后将模型运用于湖南省农村饮水安全工程建设效果后评价中,并与突变评价法相比较。结果显示:湖南省14个市(州)中有3个地区(衡阳、郴州、永州)农村饮水安全级别为"优",3个地区(常德、益阳、娄底)农村饮水安全级别为"一般",其他地区农村饮水安全均"良好";长沙和怀化农村饮水安全系统协调性很强,工程可持续发展水平高;娄底农村饮水安全系统协调性一般,工程可持续发展水平不高;株洲农村饮水安全系统极不协调,工程可持续发展状况不容乐观;衡阳和郴州农村饮水安全系统基本不协调,工程可持续发展状况较差;其他市农村饮水安全系统基本协调,工程后续效益较为稳定。方法对比表明该文方法的研究结果可靠度更高,反映出的信息更全面、合理。该研究可为类似或后续工程管理提供决策参考。